scholarly journals The Influence of the Organic Matter of Sewage Sediments on Biological Activity of Microorganisms which Carry Out the Transformations of Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-452
Author(s):  
IZABELLA PISAREK ◽  
KATARZYNA GRATA
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Cellulolytic Microorganisms

Soil microorganisms play an important role in the organic matter transformation process. The soil microorganisms also are in symbiotic relationship with plants. At the same time, soil microorganisms are sensitive to both anthropogenic and natural habitat changes. Particular characteristics of organic matter (the C:N relation, pH, the content the content of assimilated nutrients, the xenobiotics etc.) modify the biotic conditions of the soils. This particularly concerns the microorganisms which carry out the changes in the mineral and organic nitrogen compounds and the transformation of the external organic matter. The first aim of this work was to assess the influence of the sewage sediments and the manure on the phytosanitary potential of the soil environment. The second aim of this article was to estimate the number and activity of microorganisms which carry out the transformation of carbon and nitrogen compounds. This work showed the stimulating effect of the external organic matter both on the number and on the activity of most of the physiological groups. The manure mainly stimulated ammonificators, amylolitic microorganisms and Azotobacter sp. The sewage sediments mainly stimulated ammonificators, nitrifiers of I phase and cellulolytic microorganisms. The statistically significant impact of the physio-chemical soil habitat on the biological activity of the analyzed groups of microbes was also noted.

Proteins: Amino Acids and Amines

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Bianchi ◽  
Elizabeth A. Canuel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

This chapter discusses proteins, which make up approximately 50% of organic matter and contain about 85% of the organic nitrogen in marine organisms. Peptides and proteins comprise an important fraction of the particulate organic carbon (13–37%) and particulate organic nitrogen (30–81%), as well as dissolved organic nitrogen (5–20%) and dissolved organic carbon (3–4%) in oceanic and coastal waters. In sediments, proteins account for approximately 7 to 25% of organic carbon and an estimated 30 to 90% of total nitrogen. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. This class of compounds is essential to all organisms and represents one of the most important components in the organic nitrogen cycle. Amino acids represent one of the most labile pools of organic carbon and nitrogen.

Studies on soil organic matter: Part III. The extraction of organic carbon and nitrogen from soil

1949 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

A study has been made of the extraction of organic carbon and nitrogen from soil by various inorganic reagents. The results show that the organic carbon and nitrogen of soil are so intimately associated that, under the influence of any one of the reagents tested, the organic carbon is dissolved only along with, and in proportion to, the organic nitrogen. The relative proportions of carbon and nitrogen extracted vary, however, with both the soil and the extractant.

Carbon and nitrogen content of food and the assimilation efficiencies of penaeid prawns in the Gulf of Carpentaria

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJW Moriarty ◽  
MC Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Muramic Acid ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Content

The food of seven species of penaeid prawns from the Gulf of Carpentaria consists predominantly of Foraminifera, small molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes. Measurements of organic and inorganic carbon, organic nitrogen and bacterial biomass were made. Foregut contents of adult prawns contained between 72 and 223 mg organic carbon/g dry wt. Protein constituted between 43 and 64% of the organic matter. Approximate assimilation efficiencies of food in prawns caught in the gulf, determined for four species, varied from 48 to 77% of organic carbon and from 42 to 77% of organic nitrogen. The food of juvenile Penaeus merguiensis was examined for two growing seasons. In the 1976-1977 season the foregut contents contained a mean of 41 mg organic nitrogen /g dry wt and 181 mg organic carbon /g dry wt. In the 1977-1978 season, significantly lower proportions of organic nitrogen and carbon were eaten, viz, 21 mg organic nitrogenlg dry wt and 101 mg organic carbon /g dry wt. Improved assay procedures for muramic acid have shown that bacteria are less important in the food of prawns than previously reported. Bacteria constituted less than 2% of the organic matter in the adults of all species, but in many juvenile P. merguiensis bacteria were more important, constituting up to 14% of organic matter.

Feeding of Holothuria atra and Stichopus chloronotus on bacteria, organic carbon and organic nitrogen in sediments of the Great Barrier Reef

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJW Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Great Barrier Reef ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Barrier Reef ◽  
Muramic Acid ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Organic carbon and nitrogen and bacterial biomass were measured in the sediments and gut contents of H. atra and S. chloronotuson the Great Barrier Reef. Organic carbon averaged from 3.4 to 4.7 mg g-1, organic nitrogen from 0.20 to 0.31 mg g-1 and muramic acid from 1.4 to 3.3�g g-1 dry weight of surface sandy sediments. Bacterial biomass, determined by muramic acid measurements, averaged 3-8% of organic carbon in the sediments; blue-green algae accounted for 3-7% of muramic acid. Significantly higher values of organic carbon and nitrogen and muramic acid were found in foregut contents of the holothurians, indicating selective feeding on organically rich components of the sediment. Carbon values were 16-34% higher in the foregut than in the sediment. nitrogen values 35-111% higher and muramic acid values 33-300% higher. These values indicate that bacteria and nitrogenous components of the organic matter were selectively eaten. Values for organic carbon and nitrogen and muramic acid were generally lower in the hindgut than in the foregut, due to digestion and assimilation. Assimilation efficiencies averaged 30% for organic carbon, 40% for organic nitrogen and 30-40% for muramic acid (bacteria). Detritus (non-living matter) probably constituted 60-80% of the organic matter in the sediment and thus the food of the holothurians.

scholarly journals Opportunistic bacteria with reduced genomes are effective competitors for organic nitrogen compounds in coastal dinoflagellate blooms

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Han ◽  
Nianzhi Jiao ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Chen He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Nucleotides And Nucleosides

Abstract Background Phytoplankton blooms are frequent events in coastal areas and increase the production of organic matter that initially shapes the growth of opportunistic heterotrophic bacteria. However, it is unclear how these opportunists are involved in the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) when blooms occur and the subsequent impacts on biogeochemical cycles. Results We used a combination of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches to study bacterial diversity, genome traits, and metabolic responses to assess the source and lability of DOM in a spring coastal bloom of Akashiwo sanguinea. We identified molecules that significantly increased during bloom development, predominantly belonging to amino acids, dipeptides, lipids, nucleotides, and nucleosides. The opportunistic members of the bacterial genera Polaribacter, Lentibacter, and Litoricola represented a significant proportion of the free-living and particle-associated bacterial assemblages during the stationary phase of the bloom. Polaribacter marinivivus, Lentibacter algarum, and Litoricola marina were isolated and their genomes exhibited streamlining characterized by small genome size and low GC content and non-coding densities, as well as a smaller number of transporters and peptidases compared to closely related species. However, the core proteomes identified house-keeping functions, such as various substrate transporters, peptidases, motility, chemotaxis, and antioxidants, in response to bloom-derived DOM. We observed a unique metabolic signature for the three species in the utilization of multiple dissolved organic nitrogen compounds. The metabolomic data showed that amino acids and dipeptides (such as isoleucine and proline) were preferentially taken up by P. marinivivus and L. algarum, whereas nucleotides and nucleosides (such as adenosine and purine) were preferentially selected by L. marina. Conclusions The results suggest that the enriched DOM in stationary phase of phytoplankton bloom is a result of ammonium depletion. This environment drives genomic streamlining of opportunistic bacteria to exploit their preferred nitrogen-containing compounds and maintain nutrient cycling.

scholarly journals Effect of peat samples drying on measured content of carbon and nitrogen fractions

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Jonczak
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
Initial Stage

Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the content of carbon and nitrogen fractions in fresh and dried samples of peat. The samples were extracted in 0.25 mol KCl·dm.-3, 0.25 mol H2SO4·dm.-3 and 2.5 mol H2SO4·dm.-3. Based on the extractions and analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) following fractions of carbon and nitrogen were isolated: nonhydrolyzable carbon (NHC) and nitrogen (NHN), hardly hydrolyzable carbon (HHC) and nitrogen (HHN), easy hydrolyzable carbon (EHC) and nitrogen (EHN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and its ammonium (NH4.-N) and nitrate (NO3.-N) form. Large differences between fresh and dried samples were observed in the content of some analyzed fractions . especially NO3.-N, NH4.-N, DON and HHC. 1.6.3.5 times higher concentrations of NO3.-N were observed in dry samples in comparison with fresh. In dried samples were also observed higher concentrations of NH4.-N and DON. In general lower concentrations of EHN, NHN, HHC and higher of HHN and EHC were observed in dried samples in comparison to fresh. Higher content of mineral nitrogen, as well as DON and DOC in dried samples, is probably an effect of mineralization of carbon and nitrogen compounds during initial stage of drying. The obtained data suggest, that the content of NO3.-N, NH4.-N, DON and EHC analyzed in dried samples of peat is overestimated. Extractions of the fractions from organic samples should be done based on fresh samples, just after sampling

scholarly journals The Nitrogen Compounds of the Fundamental Rocks

1908 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Hall ◽  
N. H. J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Oxidation ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
London Clay

It has been shown that many rocks, when samples are taken from such a depth as precludes all possibility of weathering, contain nitrogen in amounts comparable to those present in soil, especially when the strata consist of indurated clays like the Lower Lias, Oxford, Kimmeridge or London Clay. Since the rocks also contain carbon the nitrogen is without doubt of organic origin; the carbon and nitrogen compounds represent the humus present in the clay when it was deposited, and are in fact the mineralised remains of that organic matter. When soil is produced by the weathering of such rocks these carbon and nitrogen compounds will remain wholly or in part in the soil and may there account for a considerable proportion of the total nitrogen they contain. It thus becomes of some importance to ascertain if this nitrogen is ever likely to become available for the plant by the normal processes of bacterial oxidation, or whether it has passed into such a state of combination as to be susceptible of no further change under such conditions as prevail in the soil. If the compounds are too mineralised or bituminised to be attacked by bacteria it would explain the fact that much of the nitrogen present in soils seems to remain permanently beyond the reach of plants. For example the soil of Broadbalk wheat field at Rothamsted, which had been cropped continuously with wheat for 50 years without the addition of any manure, still showed in 1893 very nearly 0·1 per cent. of nitrogen, equivalent to about 2500 lbs. per acre in the top 9 inches of soil; yet the average wheat crop on this plot only contains about 17 lbs. of nitrogen, of which 5 lbs. is supplied annually by the rain, without taking into account any further additions by the action of Azotobacter and kindred organisms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document