scholarly journals Opportunistic bacteria with reduced genomes are effective competitors for organic nitrogen compounds in coastal dinoflagellate blooms

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Han ◽  
Nianzhi Jiao ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Chen He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Nucleotides And Nucleosides

Abstract Background Phytoplankton blooms are frequent events in coastal areas and increase the production of organic matter that initially shapes the growth of opportunistic heterotrophic bacteria. However, it is unclear how these opportunists are involved in the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) when blooms occur and the subsequent impacts on biogeochemical cycles. Results We used a combination of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches to study bacterial diversity, genome traits, and metabolic responses to assess the source and lability of DOM in a spring coastal bloom of Akashiwo sanguinea. We identified molecules that significantly increased during bloom development, predominantly belonging to amino acids, dipeptides, lipids, nucleotides, and nucleosides. The opportunistic members of the bacterial genera Polaribacter, Lentibacter, and Litoricola represented a significant proportion of the free-living and particle-associated bacterial assemblages during the stationary phase of the bloom. Polaribacter marinivivus, Lentibacter algarum, and Litoricola marina were isolated and their genomes exhibited streamlining characterized by small genome size and low GC content and non-coding densities, as well as a smaller number of transporters and peptidases compared to closely related species. However, the core proteomes identified house-keeping functions, such as various substrate transporters, peptidases, motility, chemotaxis, and antioxidants, in response to bloom-derived DOM. We observed a unique metabolic signature for the three species in the utilization of multiple dissolved organic nitrogen compounds. The metabolomic data showed that amino acids and dipeptides (such as isoleucine and proline) were preferentially taken up by P. marinivivus and L. algarum, whereas nucleotides and nucleosides (such as adenosine and purine) were preferentially selected by L. marina. Conclusions The results suggest that the enriched DOM in stationary phase of phytoplankton bloom is a result of ammonium depletion. This environment drives genomic streamlining of opportunistic bacteria to exploit their preferred nitrogen-containing compounds and maintain nutrient cycling.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Organic Matter of Sewage Sediments on Biological Activity of Microorganisms which Carry Out the Transformations of Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-452
Author(s):  
IZABELLA PISAREK ◽  
KATARZYNA GRATA
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Cellulolytic Microorganisms

Soil microorganisms play an important role in the organic matter transformation process. The soil microorganisms also are in symbiotic relationship with plants. At the same time, soil microorganisms are sensitive to both anthropogenic and natural habitat changes. Particular characteristics of organic matter (the C:N relation, pH, the content the content of assimilated nutrients, the xenobiotics etc.) modify the biotic conditions of the soils. This particularly concerns the microorganisms which carry out the changes in the mineral and organic nitrogen compounds and the transformation of the external organic matter. The first aim of this work was to assess the influence of the sewage sediments and the manure on the phytosanitary potential of the soil environment. The second aim of this article was to estimate the number and activity of microorganisms which carry out the transformation of carbon and nitrogen compounds. This work showed the stimulating effect of the external organic matter both on the number and on the activity of most of the physiological groups. The manure mainly stimulated ammonificators, amylolitic microorganisms and Azotobacter sp. The sewage sediments mainly stimulated ammonificators, nitrifiers of I phase and cellulolytic microorganisms. The statistically significant impact of the physio-chemical soil habitat on the biological activity of the analyzed groups of microbes was also noted.

The autotrophic nutrition of symbiotic marine coelenterates with special reference to hermatypic corals. I. Movement of photosynthetic products between the symbionts

1971 ◽  
Vol 178 (1050) ◽  
pp. 111-129 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Hermatypic Corals ◽  
Photosynthetic Products ◽  
Related Compounds

When symbiotic coelenterates, especially hermatypic corals, were incubated in the light in sea water containing NaH 14 CO 3 , small quantities of fixed 14 C were released from the tissues at a steady rate over 4 h. The rate of release was greatly increased in the presence of glycerol, glucose and alanine; the additional 14 C released was in the same substance as that added to the medium. The following related compounds had little or no effect on 14 C release : ethylene glycol, sorbose, fructose, glucosamine, glycine, proline, serine and glutamic acid. Such results have been previously reported in other symbiotic systems, and the substances causing the specific release of fixed 14 C are believed to be those which move from the autotrophic to the heterotrophic symbiont. This belief is supported here by previous observations that glycerol, glucose and alanine are among the most important organic substances released by freshly isolated zooxanthellae. Ammonium chloride increased the amount of fixed 14 C released by corals into alanine media, possibly due to conversion of ammonia to amino acids by zooxanthellae. Appreciable release of 14 C fixed in the dark also occurred into alanine solutions. These results suggest possible roles of zooxanthellae in supplying organic nitrogen compounds to the host cell at night as well as during the day. The involvement of zooxanthellae in ‘recycling’ nitrogen compounds within the association may help to explain the success of corals in seas poor in nutrients. There was substantial utilization of external glycerol and glucose when supplied at either high or low concentrations. Corals may well be able to utilize some of the small amounts of organic matter dissolved in sea water in the natural environment.

Proteins: Amino Acids and Amines

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Bianchi ◽  
Elizabeth A. Canuel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

This chapter discusses proteins, which make up approximately 50% of organic matter and contain about 85% of the organic nitrogen in marine organisms. Peptides and proteins comprise an important fraction of the particulate organic carbon (13–37%) and particulate organic nitrogen (30–81%), as well as dissolved organic nitrogen (5–20%) and dissolved organic carbon (3–4%) in oceanic and coastal waters. In sediments, proteins account for approximately 7 to 25% of organic carbon and an estimated 30 to 90% of total nitrogen. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. This class of compounds is essential to all organisms and represents one of the most important components in the organic nitrogen cycle. Amino acids represent one of the most labile pools of organic carbon and nitrogen.

ASSIMILATE DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION IN MAIZE

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. FAIREY ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate

The dynamics of distribution and utilization of assimilates from three leaf positions, i.e. the ear leaf (0) and the third leaves above (+3) and below (−3) the ear leaf, in a maize canopy were determined for plants labelled with 14CO2 at 10 days after silk emergence. The initial rate of translocation of assimilates (principally sugars) from leaf blades increased with the height of the leaf in the crop canopy. However, by 21 days after labelling no differences in 14C retention among leaf positions were evident. Sugars from source leaves were gradually utilized in the synthesis of starch and residual matter (principally protein and structural carbohydrate) as they were distributed throughout the plant. Carbon incorporated by the −3 leaf was recovered in free amino acids plus amides and organic acids to a greater extent than that incorporated by the +3 or 0 leaves. Temporary storage of sugars in stem tissue was evident for all three labelled-leaf treatments; the sugars were ultimately used in the synthesis of starch, lipid plus pigment and residual matter of kernels. Some carbon incorporated by lower leaves appeared to be cycled through the root system, possibly being returned to the shoot in organic nitrogen compounds.

scholarly journals High Rate of Uptake of Organic Nitrogen Compounds by Prochlorococcus Cyanobacteria as a Key to Their Dominance in Oligotrophic Oceanic Waters

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 1299-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Zubkov ◽  
Bernhard M. Fuchs ◽  
Glen A. Tarran ◽  
Peter H. Burkill ◽  
Rudolf Amann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Microbial Loop ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Marine Cyanobacteria ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Flow Sorting

ABSTRACT Direct evidence that marine cyanobacteria take up organic nitrogen compounds in situ at high rates is reported. About 33% of the total bacterioplankton turnover of amino acids, determined with a representative [35S]methionine precursor and flow sorting, can be assigned to Prochlorococcus spp. and 3% can be assigned to Synechococcus spp. in the oligotrophic and mesotrophic parts of the Arabian Sea, respectively. This finding may provide a mechanism for Prochlorococcus' competitive dominance over both strictly autotrophic algae and other bacteria in oligotrophic regions sustained by nutrient remineralization via a microbial loop.

Studies on soil organic matter: Part I. The chemical nature of soil organic nitrogen

1949 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Soil Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. The acid hydrolysis of six soils with nitrogen contents ranging from 0·1 to 2·38% has been studied by determining the amounts of ammonia-, humin- and α-amino-N present in the soil hydrolysates after various periods of hydrolysis.2. Under the conditions of hydrolysis employed (3 ml. of 6N-HCl/g. soil) the period required for maximum liberation of amino-acids from the soils was about 12 hr. 24·2–37·1% of the total-nitrogen of the soils examined was liberated as α-amino-N in this period. Further hydrolysis led to destruction of amino-acids. Similar amounts of α-amino-N were liberated by hydrolysis of the soils with alkali (5N-NaOH).3. From 69 to 87% of the total-nitrogen of the soils was brought into solution by acid hydrolysis; the amount dissolved by hydrolysing with alkali or with alkali under reducing conditions (alkalistannite) was not significantly different. It is concluded that most of the insoluble-nitrogen found after acid hydrolysis is not derived from protein material, and it is suggested that some of this nitrogen is in the form of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds.

scholarly journals Strong linkages between surface and deep water dissolved organic matter in the East/Japan Sea

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae-Hoon Kim ◽  
Guebuem Kim ◽  
Yuan Shen ◽  
Ronald Benner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Microbial Food Webs ◽  
Deep Waters

Abstract. Vertical and horizontal distributions of total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were measured in the East/Japan Sea (EJS). The euphotic zone of this sea is N-limited, and the N : P ratio is ~ 13 below 200 m depth. Elevated THAA concentrations (137 ± 34 nM) and DOC-normalized yields (0.8 ± 0.2 % of DOC) were observed in deep waters (≥ 1000 m) of the EJS compared with those in the deep North Pacific Ocean. Significantly high THAA concentrations and yields were observed in a region of deep-water formation, indicating the convection of margin-derived bioavailable dissolved organic matter (DOM) to deep waters. Declining THAA concentrations (36 ± 12 %) and yields (33 ± 13 %) were observed between 1000–3000 m throughout the EJS, indicating the utilization of bioavailable DOM in deep waters. Concentrations of the D-enantiomers of amino acids (Ala, Glx, Asx, and Ser) were relatively high in deep waters of the EJS, indicating substantial bacterial contributions to DOM from surface and upper mesopelagic waters. These observations suggest that the transport of bioavailable DOM to microbial food webs in deep waters of the EJS is sensitive to changes in deep-water renewal rates.

scholarly journals Specific features of soil microbial communities under Lavandula angustifolia Mill. introduced plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
O. P. Yunosheva ◽  
N. E. Ellanska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Lavandula Angustifolia ◽  
Soil Microbial

In article the results of microbiological studies of Lavandula angustifolia Mill introductive plants soil are presented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of hydrothermal and soil conditions of forest steppe zone on the microbial cenosis formation and dynamics of taxonomic and ecology-trophic groups of microorganisms. 9–10 years age plants L. angustifolia (Yuzhnoberezhnaja and Record varieties) have been studied during two years on the experimental fields of the National Botanical Garden. Rhizosphere and rows-space soil were taken for experimental researches. Investigations were carried out by conventional microbiology methods – seeding of certain dilutions of soil suspension on selective culture medium. The comparative characteristic of microbial groups was investigated in dynamic according to the lavenders development phases. The decreasing of quantity of soil micromycetes were found during flowering phase in parallel with increasing of their species diversity. It should be noted that compared to control, the lavenders’ rhizosphere differ wider range of micromycetes species that belongs to Trichoderma, Penicillium and, especially, Aspergillus genus. The largest quantity of actinomicetes was observed at the beginning of vegetation. The development of actinomycetes and nitrogen transforming microorganisms depended on soil hydrothermal conditions. We observe decreasing of their quantity during deficiency of soil moisture. The numbers of spore-forming bacteria were significantly increased during the flowering period. Compared to control, the number of cellulozolytic microorganisms increased during intensive vegetation, whereas its highest activity was observed at the end of vegetation. Lavandula angustifolia exametabolites positively influenced to the development of heterotrophic bacteria in the beginning of vegetation, as well as during the flowering, whereas at the end of vegetation we observe the decreasing of its quantity. In opposite, the number of oligonitrophylus microorganisms decreased during the active vegetation, especially during dry period. The correlation between organic nitrogen and non-organic nitrogen consumption microorganisms define process of humus formation. We observed that the processes of organic matter development were fairly balanced. The accumulation of soil organic matter dominated during active vegetation, whereas activation of mineralization processes occurred at the end of vegetation period. Microorganisms’ content was higher in rows-spacing of plants, where concentration of exometabolites was lower. The dynamic of microbial cenosis and direction of microbiological processes have been similar in soil of two researched varieties, but the total number of microorganisms was higher in near-root soil of Yuzhnoberezhnaya variety. The Lavandula angustifolia soil microbial cenosis forms under influence of its plants excretions, in particular essential oils, that have a specific effect on the microflora and cause a quantity decrease of basic groups of microorganisms. The concentration of lavender exometabolites decrease in parallel with increasing of soil moisture and accordingly inhibitory effect of essential oil changes on stimulation. The understanding of soil microbial coenosis formation features will promote prognostication of interrelations between microbiota and plants. It will help to create sustainable landscape compositions and rational use them in making healthy ecosystems and other practical aspects.

scholarly journals Xylem sap nitrogen compounds of some Crotalaria species

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Pierre Vitória ◽  
Ladaslav Sodek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Major Amino Acid

Thirteen species of Crotalaria were analysed for nitrogen compounds in the xylem root bleeding sap. Amino acids were the main form of organic nitrogen found, but only traces of ureides were present. Of the four species analysed for amino acid composition, asparagine was found to be the major amino acid, accounting for over 68% of the nitrogen transported. No striking deviations from this general pattern was found between species, between vegetative and floral stages of development, or between nodulated and non-nodulated plants. It was concluded that the Crotalaria species studied here have an asparagine-based nitrogen metabolism, consistent with many other non-ureide-producing legume species.

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