scholarly journals The Burghers of Nyen as Creditors and Suppliers in the Great Northern War (1700–1714)

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-117
Author(s):  
Kasper Kepsu
Keyword(s):  
Great Northern War

This chapter focuses on the burghers of Nyen (the Swedish settlement and largest trading town in Ingria) and their role as financers of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), which marked the end of Swedish Ingria and the ceding of the area back to Russia. As the battle over Ingria and Finland prolonged, the Nyen merchants – and particularly the wealthiest of them, Johan Henrik Frisius – became indispensable for the crown as suppliers and financiers. Even though Frisius and his colleagues were refugees from their destroyed hometown, they had better international connections and credit standing than the Swedish crown and managed to operate more efficiently at the markets than the royal officials.

scholarly journals РОССИЙСКИЕ ПЛАНЫ УСИЛЕНИЯ РЕЧИ ПОСПОЛИТОЙ В 1746 г.: ПОЛЬСКАЯ МИССИЯ М. ЛИВЕНА И М.Н. ВОЛКОНСКОГО

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Anisimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Court ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Great Northern War

In 1746 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the next seym (parliament) on which the Polish Royal Court decided to pass the decision on increase in the Polish army limited during Great Northern war had to be called. Strengthening of Prussia was one of the main reasons of emergence of this plan. It threatened with power annexation of the western Polish territories by Berlin. In St. Petersburg where Elizabeth Petrovna’s government was also anxious with growth of power of Prussia, decided to support the Polish plans and to turn Poland into the ally of Russia in anti-Prussian fi ght. For training of the Polish magnates and to clarifi cation of opportunities of the organization of the pro-Russian party, the Russian emissaries M. Liewen and M.N. Volkonsky were sent to Poland. On return to Russia emissaries reported that, despite fears of Prussia, Poles are not ready to take any steps provoking it, including increase in army. Also emissaries presented candidacies of the magnates capable to be active supporters of Russia. From now on the Russian Court, having refused the idea of strengthening of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not lose sight of an internal political situation in Poland any more and supported the infl uential group of princes Czartoryski’s which was guided by rapprochement with Russia.

scholarly journals Der nordische Fremde: Historische Untersuchung des medialen Schwedenbildes im Heiligen Römischen Reich (1500–1721)

Nordlit ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias E. Hämmerle
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
Great Northern War

Until to the beginning of the 17th century the North was rather an unknown and abstract space for the average German-speaking recipient of early modern mass media (for example illustrated broadsheets, newspapers, pamphlets). In the course of the 17th century due to Denmark’s and Sweden’s participation in the Thirty Years War, the northern regions became a central topic in the early modern mass media and therefore forced the recipient to be more aware of it. In the course of the second half of the 17th century the northern kingdoms became less important for the publicists in the Holy Roman Empire and instead they laid their focus on the politics of French and the Ottoman Empire. Thus, the image of the northerners and their stereotypes, which had been introduced to the German speaking readers in the course of the Thirty Years War, lived on until the beginning of the 18th century. Nevertheless, the Great Northern War (1700–1721) brought the people from the northern regions back to the media landscape of the Holy Roman Empire and about the same time the illustrated broadsheet – an almost antiquated genre of mass media that had struggled with the upcoming of the new modern genre ‘newspaper’ – experienced a kind of a renaissance. The aim of this article is to describe how the northern region, with a focus on Sweden, was depicted in early modern mass media between the 15th and the 18th centuries. I will show continuities and changes of the visual and textual representation of ‘northerners’ and ‘Sweden’ in early modern mass media, which were published in the Holy Roman Empire between around 1500 until the end of the Great Northern War in 1721.

Planning and Construction of Western Region Cities of Latvia in the 18th Century

2014 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Regular Form ◽  
Spatial Composition ◽  
Square Systems ◽  
City Construction ◽  
Planning And Construction ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Great Northern War

<p>Planning and construction of Western region cities of Latvia was created in the course of several centuries. Cities of the Courland Bishopric and the Livonian Order – Golding (today’s Kuldīga), Hasenpoth (today’s Aizpute), Windau (today’s Ventspils) and Piltene – developed as agglomerations. City planning by fortress was created around non-regular form market square near the crossroads of main land roads and water roads. The architectural dominant of spatial composition was fortress with chapel or chapterhouse.<br />In the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia on 28 February, 1567 the Landtag of Courland took a decision on building of Lutheran churches, schools and hospitals. Lutheran religion was declared as official religion in the Duchy of Courlandia and Semigallia. The understanding of city architectonic spatial planning changed – the construction of centres was created nearby churches and the main spatial dominant of city construction in 17th century became a church by the market square in the site of traffic main roads’ junction. Planning and road network developed in towns, but construction was created by wooden houses, that were characteristic to rural regions. Cities became typologically different.<br />The events of The Great Northern war at the beginning of 18th century promoted not only the improvement of city defence measures and the perfection of fortification system, but also influenced significantly the further development of cities: street and square systems of functionally different significance became important in planning. City construction, which was complemented with buildings that were for public functions, became varied.<br />The aim of the study: to analyze the development of towns of the Duchy of Courlandia and Semigallia in 18th century, to ascertain the common and different spatial composition characteristics of planning and construction.</p>

scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE IN THE BALTIC PROVINCES BETWEEN THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR AND THE COSMOPOLITANISM OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 85-150
Author(s):  
Juhan Maiste
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Geography ◽  
Great Northern War

The goal of this article is to examine the role of the new Russian rulingpower as it related to cultural policy in the Baltic provinces betweenthe Great Northern War (1700–1721) and the Russian Revolution (1917),in order to engender a discussion about the Russian influence inEstonia’s architectural history – its content and meaning – based onprimary sources in the archives of Estonia, St Petersburg and Moscow.The historiography of this topic dates back nearly a century; as aneighbouring country and an important centre of political power andculture, the influence of St Petersburg as the main Russian metropolishas been always been taken into consideration and studied in thehistory of Estonian art history. The articles by Sergey Androsovand Georgy Smirnov that appear in this volume have provided theinspiration to try and re-examine the entire spectrum of Estonia’sposition between East and West, and to point out the main subjectsin this new context and the relationship to the new geography ofarchitecture in the Age of Enlightenment and the stylistic changesof the 19th century.

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