Communist Europe and the Kurdish Question During the Cold War (1940s 1980s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Etienne Forestier-Peyrat
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Central European ◽  
Kurdish Question ◽  
Kurdish Issue ◽  
The Cold War

While abundant scholarship has been produced concerning the Kurdish diaspora in Western Europe, little is known about the development of Kurdish communities in Central and Eastern Europe, especially during the Cold War. This paper analyses the specific situation of the Kurds in Communist Europe through the prism of Bulgaria, a frontline country in direct contact with the Middle East from the 1940s until the end of the 1980s. It demonstrates the weight of diplomatic and economic factors in explaining the persistent difficulty faced by Central European regimes in conceiving of the Kurdish issue beyond separate national fighting grounds. Abstract in Kurmanji Ewropaya komunîst û pirsgirêka kurd li serdema Şerê Sar (salên 1940î-1980î) Li gel berdariya xebatên akademîk ên li ser diyasporaya kurd li Ewropaya rojava, em xwediyên agahiyên pir kêm in li ser pêkhatina civatên kurd li Ewropaya naverast û rojhilat, nemase li serdema Şerê Sar. Ev nivîsar li rewşa taybet a Kurdên Ewropaya komunîst dikole û bi xusûsî li ser Bulgaristanê disekine, ku welatekî li ser sînor e û, ji salên 1940î ta dawiya salên 1980î, rasterast bi Rojhilata Navîn re di nav têkiliyan de bû. Bi vî hawî, nivîsar giraniya faktorên aborî û dîplomatîk derdixe pêş bo ravekirina zehmetiyên mayînde yên rejîmên Ewropaya naverast di ponijîna pirsgirêka kurd li derveyî meydanên ceng ên neteweyên cihê de. Abstract in Sorani Ewrupay komonîzt û dozî Kurdekan le serdemî cengî sarda (sallekanî 1940-1980) Le ‌katêk da twêjînewey zor le ser Kurdekan le Ewrupay rojawa, le tarawge berhemhênrawe, zanyarî kem le ser geşesendinî komellgey kurdî le Ewropay nawerrast û rojhellatî da heye, be taybetî le serdemî Cengî Sar da. Em twêjînewey şirovey barudoxî taybetî Kurdekanî Ewrupay komonîzt le rêgay Bulgaryawe, ke dewlletêkî berey ceng bû û peywendî rastewxoy legell Rojhellatî Nawerrast da le sallanî 1940ewe ta 1980ewe hebuwe. Twêjîneweke qursayî faktere dîplomatî û abûriyekan derdexat, be rûnkirdinewey astengî hewlle ‌berdawemekanî rûberruwî rijêmekanî Ewrupay nawerrast botewe le têgeyştin le dozî Kurdekan be der le kêşeyekî rûberrûbunewey neteweyi serbexo. Abstract in Zazaki Ewropaya komunîste û wextê Cengê Serdinî de (1940an-1980an) mesela kurdan Herçiqas ke derheqê dîyasporaya kurdanê Ewropaya Rojawanî de xeylê eserê zanyarî ameyê dayene kî, derheqê averşîyayîşê komelanê kurdanê Ewropaya Mîyanên û Rojhelatî de zanayîş hîna kêmî yo, bitaybetî demê Cengê Serdinî ser o. No nuşte rewşa taybetî yê kurdanê Ewropaya Komunîste analîz keno. Analîz pê prîzmaya Bulgarîstanî yeno kerdene: welatêkê serê cebheyî ke 1940an ra heta peynîya 1980an Rojhelatê Mîyanênî de têkilîya xo ya rasteraste estbî. Bi musnayîşê giranîya faktoranê ekonomîk û dîplomatîkan ra îzah beno ke rejîmanê Ewropaya Mîyanêne cenggehanê neteweyîyanê cîyakerdeyan ra teber fehmkerdişê mesela kurdan de tim zehmetîye antêne.

scholarly journals Decolonization, the Cold War, and Africans’ routes to higher education overseas, 1957–65

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-191
Author(s):  
Eric Burton
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cold War ◽  
North America ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
African Students ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Gain Access

AbstractFrom the late 1950s, Africans seeking higher education went to a rapidly increasing number of destinations, both within Africa and overseas. Based on multi-sited archival research and memoirs, this article shows how Africans forged and used new routes to gain access to higher education denied to them in their territories of origin, and in this way also shaped scholarship policies across the globe. Focusing on British-ruled territories in East Africa, the article establishes the importance of African intermediaries and independent countries as hubs of mobility. The agency of students and intermediaries, as well as official responses, are examined in three interconnected cases: the clandestine ‘Nile route’ from East Africa to Egypt and eastern Europe; the ‘airlifts’ from East Africa to North America; and the ‘exodus’ of African students from the Eastern bloc to western Europe. Although all of these routes were short-lived, they transformed official scholarship provisions, and significantly shaped the postcolonial period in the countries of origin.

The Rise and Fall of Western Europe's Democratic Age, 1945–1973

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN CONWAY
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
The Cold War

Why did western Europe become so suddenly democratic after 1945? After the upheavals of the previous decade the rather placid politics that follows the war is at first sight difficult to explain. This article seeks to go beyond the tendency of much historical writing to see the hegemonic parliamentary democracy of the roughly twenty-five years after 1945 as the product of exhaustion, economic prosperity or the constraints imposed by the Cold War. Instead, it argues that a path towards democracy can be detected within the events of the war years which then came to fruition in the rather conservative and limited democratic structures of the postwar decades. This Democratic Age then came to a conclusion in the renewed contestation of the late 1960s and early 1970s.

scholarly journals Conceptual Readings into the Cold War: Towards Transnational Approaches from the Perspective of Latin American Studies in Eastern and Western Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (60) ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Manke ◽  
Kateřina Březinová ◽  
Laurin Blecha
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Global South ◽  
Latin American Studies ◽  
Global North ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe ◽  
Multiple Actors

Abstract This bibliographical and conceptual essay summarizes recent research in Cold War Studies in Europe and the Americas, especially on smaller states in historiographical studies. Against the background of an increasing connectedness and globalization of research about the Cold War, the authors highlight the importance of the full-scale integration of countries and regions of the 'Global South' into Cold War Studies. Critical readings of the newly available resources reveal the existence of important decentralizing perspectives resulting from Cold War entanglements of the 'Global South' with the 'Global North.' As a result, the idea that these state actors from the former 'periphery' of the Cold War should be considered as passive recipients of superpower politics seems rather troubled. The evidence shows (at least partially) autonomous and active multiple actors.

scholarly journals Discourse Beyond Borders: Periodicals, Dissidents, and European Cultural Spaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Reijnen
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
Central European ◽  
East European ◽  
European Public ◽  
Cultural Spaces ◽  
The Cold War

Émigré periodicals in Cold War Europe have long been considered isolated islands of Central and East European communities with limited relevance. In the second half of the Cold War, some of these periodicals functioned as crucial intersections of communication between dissidents, emigrants and Western European intellectuals. These periodicals were the greenhouses for the development of new definitions of Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Europe at large. This article studies Cold War émigré periodicals from a spatial perspective and argues that they can be analysed as European cultural spaces. In this approach, European cultural spaces are seen as insular components of a European public sphere. The particular settings (spaces) within which the periodicals developed have contributed greatly to the ideas that they expressed. The specific limits and functions of periodicals such as Kultura or Svědectví [Testimony] have triggered perceptions of Central European and European solidarity. The originally Russian periodical Kontinent promoted an eventually less successful East European-Russian solidarity.  

scholarly journals Does Canada have anything in the way of a strategic warning intelligence culture (and does it need one)?

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
John Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
National Security ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Ballistic Missiles ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Threat Environment

During the Cold War, Strategic Warning Intelligence (SWI) was a necessary and recognized function within the intelligence community given the threats posed by conventional Warsaw Pact forces in Western Europe and Soviet ballistic missiles. With the end of the Cold War, the focus of intelligence shifted to tactical or operational issues against known threats, and the SWI function and expertise atrophied as a result. With today’s expanding and more complex threat environment, this article examines whether SWI capacities should be reintroduced in order to apprise decision makers of trending threats to national security, albeit based on faint signals, so the necessary policy decisions can be made and prioritized to mitigate said threats in a timely manner.

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