Effects of mechanical injury and insect feeding on volatiles emitted by wheat plants

We report on changes in the volatiles emitted by wheat plants of the cultivar ‘Tonacja’ after the plants were scraped, pierced or damaged by adults of Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus). The blend of volatiles was dominated by typical green leaf volatiles and in addition contained linalool and B-caryophyllene, but the latter two were released in large amounts only after more than one day of insect feeding. Overall, the plants that had been damaged by the insect released more odors than the plants that were subjected to mechanical damage. Moreover, control plants released significantly lower amounts of volatiles. Scraping of leaves induced higher volatile emission than puncturing the leaves. A Y-tube bioassay was used to evaluate upwind orientation ofadult cereal leafbeetles. Greater number of female 0. melanopus was attracted to (Z)-3-hexenal and (Z)-3 -hexenyl acetate at low concentrations. Higher concentration of these compounds and linalool significantly repelled both females and males.

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Metabolomics Reveal Induction of ROS Production and Glycosylation Events in Wheat Upon Exposure to the Green Leaf Volatile Z-3-Hexenyl Acetate

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.596271 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Maarten Ameye ◽

Lieven Van Meulebroek ◽

Bianca Meuninck ◽

Lynn Vanhaecke ◽

Guy Smagghe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Leaf Volatiles ◽

Hexenyl Acetate ◽

Related Enzyme ◽

Oxidative Processes ◽

Wheat Leaves ◽

Selection Of

The activation and priming of plant defense upon perception of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) have often been reported. However, information as to which metabolic pathways in plants are affected by GLVs remains elusive. We report the production of reactive oxygen species in the tip of young wheat leaves followed by activation of antioxidant-related enzyme activity. In this study, we aimed to uncover metabolic signatures upon exposure to the GLV Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z-3-HAC). By using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we observed changes in the phenylpropanoid pathways which yield metabolites that are involved in many anti-oxidative processes. Furthermore, exposure to GLV, followed by infection with Fusarium graminearum (Fg), induced significantly greater changes in the phenylpropanoid pathway compared to a sole Z-3-HAC treatment. Fragmentation of a selection of metabolites, which are significantly more upregulated in the Z-3-HAC + Fg treatment, showed D-glucose to be present as a substructure. This suggests that Z-3-HAC induces early glycosylation processes in plants. Additionally, we identified the presence of hexenyl diglycosides, which indicates that aerial Z-3-HAC is metabolized in the leaves by glycosyltransferases. Together these data indicate that GLV Z-3-HAC is taken up by leaves and incites oxidative stress. This subsequently results in the modulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and an induction of glycosylation processes.

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Emission of Herbivore-induced Volatiles in Absence of a Herbivore - Response of Zea mays to Green Leaf Volatiles and Terpenoids

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2005-9-1014 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 60 (9-10) ◽

pp. 743-756 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Joachim Ruther ◽

Benjamin Fürstenau

Keyword(s):

Information Transfer ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Leaf Volatiles ◽

Plant Communication ◽

Maize Cultivars ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Maize Plants

Abstract Green leaf volatiles (GLV), a series of saturated and monounsaturated six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols, and esters are emitted by plants upon mechanical damage. Evidence is increasing that intact plants respond to GLV by activating their own defense mechanisms, thus suggesting that they function in plant-plant communication. The present paper demonstrates that exposure of maize plants to naturally occurring GLV, including (Z)-3-, (E)-2- and saturated derivatives, induce the emission of volatile blends typically associated with herbivory. Position or configuration of a double bond, but not the functional group of the GLV influenced the strength of the emissions. (Z)-3-Configured compounds elicited stronger responses than (E)-2- and saturated derivatives. The response to (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol increased linearly with the dose between 200 and 1000 nmol per plant. Not only the naturally occurring (E)-2- hexenal, but also (E)-2-pentenal and (E)-2-heptenal induced maize plants, although to a lesser extend. Externally applied terpenoids [(3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, β-caryophyllene, and (E)- β-farnesene] did not significantly increase the total amount of inducible volatiles in maize. Of three tested maize cultivars Delprim and Pactol responded much stronger than Attribut. Recovery experiments in the presence and absence of maize plants demonstrated that large proportions of externally applied GLV were assimilated by the plants, whereas (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene was recovered in much higher amounts. The results furthermore suggested that plants converted a part of the assimilated leaf aldehydes and alcohols to the respective acetates. We propose that GLV not only can alert neighboring plants, but may facilitate intra-plant information transfer and can help mediate the systemic defense response in a plant.

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Review of recent advances on the production and eco-physiological roles of green leaf volatiles

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1258.2013.00027 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 268-275

Author(s):

Hai-Feng SUN ◽

Zhen-Yu LI ◽

Bin WU ◽

Xue-Mei QIN

Keyword(s):

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Leaf Volatiles ◽

Recent Advances

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Effects of simulated acid rain on the activity of antioxidant enzyme and the emission of induced green leaf volatiles in Phyllostachys pubescens

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1258.2014.00084 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 897-904

Author(s):

GUO Hui-Yuan ◽

◽

MA Yuan-Dan ◽

WANG Dan ◽

ZUO Zhao-Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Rain ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Simulated Acid Rain ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽

Leaf Volatiles

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Verbenone and Green-Leaf Volatiles Reduce Whitebark Pine Mortality in a Northern Range-Expanding Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2021-0120 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Etienne Cardinal ◽

Brenda Shepherd ◽

Jodie Krakowski ◽

Carl James Schwarz ◽

John Stirrett-Wood

Keyword(s):

Mountain Pine Beetle ◽

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Whitebark Pine ◽

White Pine Blister Rust ◽

Leaf Volatiles ◽

Disease Resistant ◽

Mountain Pine ◽

Pine Beetle ◽

Pine Trees

This is the first study testing effectiveness of semiochemical treatments to protect individual trees from a range-expanding mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) attack into newly exposed host populations of endangered whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelmann). We investigated the effectiveness of a combination of verbenone and Green-Leaf Volatiles (GLV) to protect rare and valuable disease-resistant trees during a MPB epidemic from 2015 to 2018 in Jasper National Park, Canada. Treatments reduced the proportion of trees attacked by MPB for all diameter classes, across all stands, from 46 to 60%. We also evaluated the effect of the exotic disease white pine blister rust (caused by the fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch), the species’ other main regional threat. MPB were less likely to attack large, rust infected trees than healthy trees, emphasizing the value of the semiochemical treatment. Protecting large, cone-bearing disease-resistant whitebark pine trees is fundamental to whitebark pine recovery. Maintaining reproductive trees on the landscape increases the frequency and diversity of rust-resistant genotypes more effectively than just planting seedlings to replace MPB-killed trees, because this slow-growing species takes over 80 years to reproduce. Our study confirmed protecting large rust-resistant trees with verbenone and GLV is a proactive and effective treatment against MPB for whitebark pine in naïve populations.

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