Photoperoxidation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic in aqueous medium using Fe3-XO4-Y-TiO2 particles as catalyst

Conventional treatment processes are not effective in removing micropollutants such as antibiotics and other drugs present in wastewater, and degradation methods based on advanced oxidative processes become attractive. Herein, it was synthesized Fe3-xO4-y-TiO2 particles by coprecipitation method and they were heat-treated at 100, 400, and 800 �C. The obtained solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis and analytical determinations were performed using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The particles were evaluated in photoperoxidation processes on the degradation of the ciprofloxacin antimicrobial in an aqueous solution. The studies took place at pH 9; with an H2O2 concentration of 31 mg L�1 and particle mass 0.22 g L�1 previously defined and, in these conditions, degradation percentages between 40 and 85% were observed, with the removal in the Photo/H2O2/Fe3-xO4-y-TiO2 800 �C. The kinetic study performed for this process revealed the process adjusts to the first-order kinetics during the 120 min of reaction. The use of the catalyst can be attractive with the potential for degradation of the studied antimicrobial.

Reduction of Deuterium Level Supports Resistance of Neurons to Glucose Deprivation and Hypoxia: Study in Cultures of Neurons and on Animals

The effect of a reduced deuterium (D) content in the incubation medium on the survival of cultured neurons in vitro and under glucose deprivation was studied. In addition, we studied the effect of a decrease in the deuterium content in the rat brain on oxidative processes in the nervous tissue, its antioxidant protection, and training of rats in the T-shaped maze test under hypoxic conditions. For experiments with cultures of neurons, 7–8-day cultures of cerebellar neurons were used. Determination of the rate of neuronal death in cultures was carried out using propidium iodide. Acute hypoxia with hypercapnia was simulated in rats by placing them in sealed vessels with a capacity of 1 L. The effect on oxidative processes in brain tissues was assessed by changes in the level of free radical oxidation and malondialdehyde. The effect on the antioxidant system of the brain was assessed by the activity of catalase. The study in the T-maze was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methodology, the skill of alternating right-sided and left-sided loops on positive reinforcement was developed. This work has shown that a decrease in the deuterium content in the incubation medium to a level of −357‰ has a neuroprotective effect, increasing the survival rate of cultured neurons under glucose deprivation. When exposed to hypoxia, a preliminary decrease in the deuterium content in the rat brain to −261‰ prevents the development of oxidative stress in their nervous tissue and preserves the learning ability of animals in the T-shaped maze test at the level of the control group. A similar protective effect during the modification of the 2H/1H internal environment of the body by the consumption of DDW can potentially be used for the prevention of pathological conditions associated with the development of oxidative stress with damage to the central nervous system.

Effects of bioactive compounds upon the deterioration of the chilled mechanically deboned poultry meat during storage

Mechanically deboned poultry meat is a valuable protein containing raw material widely used for the production of meat products. However, it does not have a high resistance to oxidation; therefore, various antioxidants including those of natural origin are used in its composition. The article provides information on the advisability of using rosemary extract and dihydroquercetin to stabilize lipids and interrupt hydrolytic and chain oxidative processes in mechanically deboned poultry meat. The permissible storage time for mechanically deboned poultry meat using the rosemary extract and dihydroquercetin in a chilled state is 96 hours. Research has been carried out on the oxidative processes of the fatty complex of mechanically deboned poultry meat during the refrigerated storage period. Antioxidants prevent the accumulation of peroxides: in the samples with their use, the peroxide number reaches critical values on 6-7 day of storage, without their use - on 3 day of storage. For all samples, a gradual increase in the acid number has been observed; however, for samples without antioxidants its values reach a critical level on the 4 day of storage, with the use of antioxidants - on the 7 day. The active formation of secondary oxidation products has begun from the second day of storage and reached the limit of permissible values in samples without antioxidants after 3 days of storage. In samples with antioxidants, the thiobarbituric number reaches a critical value on the 6 day. It has also been shown that the use of antioxidants contributes to the preservation of sensorial indicators (colour, odour) improving the quality of products. The efficiency of using the rosemary extract and dihydroquercetin as inhibitors of the oxidation of mechanically deboned poultry meat has been confirmed.

Organic Matter Redox State Driven by Specific Sources in Mangrove Sediments: A Case Study from Peruvian Ecosystems

In order to determine the organic matter redox state in relation to specific sources in mangrove sediments, two 60 cm-long sediment cores were collected from mangrove-covered and mudflat zones within a mangrove forest in Peru. Sediment subsamples from these cores were analyzed to determine δ13C values and C:N ratios, whereas two redox indices, namely, electrochemical (fEAOM) and spectroscopical (A1650/A3400) indices, were taken from a previous study and correlated with the geochemical indices obtained from this work. These indices may provide accurate information on sedimentary organic matter diagenesis by oxidative processes through its redox state. The results show that the electrochemical index (fEAOM) and the spectroscopical index (A1650/A3400) for mangrove-covered sediments exhibited a positive correlation with δ13C values and a negative correlation with C:N molar ratios. These correlations suggest that the more labile sedimentary organic matter derived from non-terrestrial sources is in a more oxidized state than that derived from mangrove vegetation. However, this was not valid for mudflat zones, where non-significant correlations between geochemical indices were observed. Furthermore, the results suggest that the redox state of the organic matter deposited over time is dependent on source mixing influences, being better preserved in the presence of mangrove-derived organic matter.

Development of the Composition, Technology and Study of the Effectiveness of Drops for Oral Administration "Ascorbicdrop"

For normal life, many different substances are needed, among which vitamins play an important role. Everyone knows that the word "vitamin" comes from the Latin "vita" - life. This name is not accidental at all [1]. Vitamins are low molecular weight organic compounds, very small amounts of which are required for the implementation of various metabolic processes in the body. Most vitamins are indispensable because are not synthesized in the human body. In their natural state, they can be found in very small quantities in all foods of organic origin [1,2]. Insufficient intake of vitamins from food is a global problem, and not seasonal, as it is mistakenly believed. For a number of reasons, a modern person cannot get them in the right amount with food. Inadequate nutrition, physical inactivity lead to metabolic disorders in the body and increase the risk of developing serious diseases [3,4,5,6]. One of the main problems faced by drug manufacturers is sometimes a short shelf life. In order to preserve the pharmacological properties of drugs, they add preservatives to them or place them in a vacuum package. To date, the most effective way to solve this problem is to use a modified atmosphere with nitrogen. The stability of solutions of easily oxidizable substances increases significantly if they are filled in an inert gas environment, for example, carbon dioxide, nitrogen or argon. This filling allows you to remove oxygen, this oxidizing agent that destroys unstable substances. The following factors influence the reduction of shelf life: oxidative processes, development of molds, reproduction of microorganisms. All oxidative processes in the packaging of a medicinal product occur under the influence of oxygen. As a result of this reaction, medications deteriorate. With the help of a pure nitrogen environment, it is possible to reduce the O2 content to a minimum level [7].

Biomarkers of oxidative stress in the mountains

The data presented in the work indicate probable membrane indicators of functional disorders, closely related to oxidative processes (LPO) under the influence of unfavorable factors of the mountain environment. Key words: membranes, adaptation to the physical factors of mountains, lysophospholipids.

Influence of migration of fats on oxidative processes in glazed candies

Многокомпонентный и сложный состав глазированных конфет с корпусами пралине и типа пралине обуславливает протекание процессов миграции и окислительной порчи жиров, которые приводят к ухудшению органолептических показателей. Целью исследования являлось изучение влияния свойств орехового сырья и температуры хранения на скорость окислительных процессов. Увеличение массовой доли линолевой кислоты от 0,9 % до 6,2 % в результате миграции жиров корпуса в глазурь обусловило повышение скорости окислительных процессов, что подтверждено исследованиями показателей окислительной порчи. После двух месяцев хранения при 18 °С перекисное число жировой фракции корпусов конфет, изготовленных с использованием орехов, увеличилось от 0,4-0,5 ммоль акт. кисл./кг до 0,4-1,2 ммоль акт. кисл./кг. В жировой фракции конфет, изготовленных на основе арахиса, в процессе хранения при 18 °С перекисное число увеличилось до 0,9-1,6 ммоль акт. кисл./кг. При этом индукционный период жировой фракции корпусов таких конфет уменьшился от 23,5 ч до 13,6 ч, то есть в 1,7 раза. Повышение температуры до 27 °С привело к уменьшению индукционного периода до 8,4 ч, то есть в 2,8 раза. Для корпусов конфет, изготовленных на основе орехов, индукционный период после 2 мес хранения конфет при температуре 18 °С уменьшился в 1,2 раза. Использование орехового сырья позволяет увеличить сохранность глазированных конфет на 14-29 % по сравнению с конфетами, изготовленными на основе арахиса. Полученные результаты позволяют обосновать дополнительные требования к качеству сырья и технологическим параметрам для гарантирования заданного срока годности глазированных конфет. The multicomponent and complex composition of glazed sweets with praline and praline-type bodies causes migration and oxidative spoilage of fats, which lead to deterioration of organoleptic characteristics. The aim of the study was to study the effect of the properties of raw nut materials and storage temperature on the rate of oxidative processes. An increase in the mass fraction of linoleic acid from 0.9 % to 6.2 % as a result of the migration of body fats into the glaze led to an increase in the rate of oxidative processes, which was confirmed by studies of indicators of oxidative spoilage. After two months of storage at 18 °C, the peroxide number of the fat fraction of the bodies of sweets made with nuts increased from 0.4-0.5 mmol act. O2/kg up to 0.4-1.2 mmol act. O2/kg in the fat fraction of peanut-based sweets, during storage at 18 °C, the peroxide number increased to 0.9-1.6 mmol act. O2/kg At the same time, the induction period of the fat fraction of the bodies of such sweets decreased from 23.5 hours. up to 13.6 hours, i.e. 1.7 times. An increase in temperature to 27 °C led to a decrease in the induction period to 8.4 hours, i.e. 2.8 times. For candy bodies made on the basis of nuts, the induction period after 2 months of storage of sweets at a temperature of 18 °C decreased by 1.2 times. The use of raw nut materials allows to increase the safety of glazed sweets by 14-29 % compared to sweets made on the basis of peanuts. The results obtained make it possible to substantiate additional requirements for the quality of raw materials and technological parameters to guarantee the specified shelf life of glazed sweets.

Chlorine redox chemistry is not rare in biology

Chlorine is abundant in cells and biomolecules, yet the biology of chlorine oxidation and reduction is poorly understood. Some bacteria encode the enzyme chlorite dismutase (Cld), which detoxifies chlorite (CIO2-) by converting it to chloride (Cl-) and molecular oxygen (O2). Cld is highly specific for chlorite and aside from low hydrogen peroxide activity has no known alternative substrate. Here, we reasoned that because chlorite is an intermediate oxidation state of chlorine, Cld can be used as a biomarker for oxidized chlorine species in microorganisms and microbial habitats. Cld was abundant in metagenomes from soils and freshwater to water treatment systems. About 5% of bacterial and archaeal genera contain an organism encoding Cld in its genome, and within some genera Cld is nearly conserved. Cld has been subjected to extensive horizontal gene transfer, suggesting selection by chlorite is episodic yet strong. Cld was also used as a biomarker to predict genes related to chlorine redox chemistry. Genes found to have a genetic association with Cld include known genes for responding to reactive chlorine species and uncharacterized genes for transporters, regulatory elements, and putative oxidoreductases that present targets for future research. Cld was repeatedly co-located in genomes with genes for enzymes that can inadvertently reduce perchlorate (CIO4-) or chlorate (CIO3-), confirming that in nature (per)chlorate reduction does not only occur in specialized anaerobic respiratory metabolisms. The presence of Cld in genomes of obligate aerobes without such enzymes suggested that chlorite, like hypochlorous acid (HOCl), might be formed by oxidative processes within natural habitats. In summary, the comparative genomics of Cld has provided an atlas for a deeper understanding of chlorine oxidation and reduction reactions that are an underrecognized feature of biology.

Associations of Antioxidant Enzymes with the Concentration of Fatty Acids in the Blood of Men with Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Objective: To identify associations of fatty acids (FAs) with the antioxidant enzymes in the blood of men with coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: The study included 80 patients: control group—20 men without IHD, the core group—60 men with IHD. The core group was divided into subgroups: subgroup A—with the presence of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, subgroup B—with the absence of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. We analyzed the levels of FAs, free radicals, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the blood. Results. Patients with IHD, compared with the control group: (1) had higher levels of SOD, CAT, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and octadecenoic FAs; (2) had lower levels of GPx, α-linolenic, docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic FAs. In subgroup A there were found: (1) negative associations of SOD—with linoleic, eicosatrienoic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic FAs, positive associations—with palmitic acid; (2) positive correlations of CAT level with palmitoleic and stearic acids; (3) negative associations between of GPx and palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and octadecenoic FAs. Conclusions: Changes in the levels of antioxidant enzymes, and a disbalance of the FAs profile, probably indicate active oxidative processes in the body and may indicate the presence of atherosclerotic changes in the vessels.