Deforestation forecasts in the Legal Amazon using intervention models

In this paper, it was used the Box-Jenkins methodology to assess the historical deforestation data generated by PRODES in the Brazilian Legal Amazon region from 1988 to 2018, in order to acquire deforestation forecasts. Considering that the model achieved an acceptable performance, forecasts were estimated for the next seven years (2019 to 2023). If there is no significant intervention in the series, deforestation rates are expected to remain ranging from 7,559.97 km2 to 7,730.88 km2, with a mean around 7,625.12 km2. In the case of an intervention, these quantities may vary from 10,429.28 km2 to 28,669.75 km2, with a mean near to 16,766.71 km2, indicating an increase of 119% on deforestation rates. In this sense, this article reinforces the need for maintenance and expansion of the environmental governance structure for the Brazilian Legal Amazon, according to what has happened in the last decade, especially based on the instruments of Command and Control related, for example, to expansion of Conservation Units, institution of the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR), inducing land regularization, improvement of the detection and monitoring system of burning and deforestation, such as PRODES and DETER, and also ostensive operations to combat illegal deforestation governmental institutions.

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Firms' Choice of Regulatory Instruments to Reduce Pollution: A Transaction Cost Approach

Business and Politics ◽

10.2202/1469-3569.1073 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Magali Delmas ◽

Alfred Marcus

Keyword(s):

Transaction Costs ◽

Transaction Cost ◽

Transaction Cost Economics ◽

Command And Control ◽

Governance Structure ◽

Governance Structures ◽

Negotiated Agreements ◽

Regulatory Instruments ◽

Market Opportunities ◽

And Control

This paper compares the economic efficiency of firm-agency governance structures for pollution reduction using transaction costs economics. Two governance structures are analyzed with the transaction costs approach: command and control regulation (CCR) and negotiated agreements (NAs). We propose that the choice of governance structure depends on the strategies firms pursue given the attributes of their transactions and their market opportunities. The application of transaction cost economics analysis leads to different choices of regulatory instruments. Firms in more mature, stable industries are likely to choose command and control, while firms in new, dynamic sectors are more likely to opt for negotiated agreements. Frequency of transactions is a key factor in firm choice.

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Trading Schemes, Risks, and Costs: The Cases of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the Renewables Obligation

Environment and Planning C Government and Policy ◽

10.1068/c0728j ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 938-953 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

David Toke

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Environmental Governance ◽

Emissions Trading ◽

Command And Control ◽

False Belief ◽

The European Union ◽

Governance Systems ◽

Emissions Trading Scheme ◽

Trading Scheme ◽

And Control

The appropriateness and importance of market-based environmental governance systems vary according to different cases. Although so-called ‘market trading’ regimes can be useful in some circumstances, a false belief in the inevitability of their cost-effectiveness compared with so-called ‘command and control’ systems has allowed policy distortions to occur. So-called ‘command and control’ policies are being underemphasised, despite the fact that they may achieve reductions in carbon emissions that are cheaper than those likely to be achieved through emissions (or ‘certificate’) trading regimes. I address theoretical arguments which I then place in context with analysis of some features of the British Renewables Obligation and the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.

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Law, Governance, and the Ecological Ethos

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.5 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Butt

Keyword(s):

Coercive Force ◽

Environmental Justice ◽

Recent Work ◽

Environmental Governance ◽

Environmental Law ◽

Command And Control ◽

The State ◽

Popular Participation ◽

Wide Range ◽

And Control

This chapter examines the limitations of both command-and-control and market-based legal mechanisms in the pursuit of environmental justice. If the environment is to be protected to at least a minimally acceptable degree, approaches that focus on the coercive force of the state must be complemented by the development of an “ecological ethos,” whereby groups and individuals are motivated to act with non-self-interested concern for the environment. The need for this ethos means that the state is dependent on the cooperation of a wide range of non-state actors. Recent work on environmental governance emphasizes the delegation of aspects of governing to such actors and supports efforts to increase popular participation in governmental processes. The chapter therefore advocates a governance approach that seeks to rectify some of the limitations of state-led environmental law, while encouraging popular participation in a way that can encourage the development of an ecological ethos among the citizenry.

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‘Fiat and Forbearance’: The Challenge of Capturing Plurality and Diversity in Environmental Governance

IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review ◽

10.1177/227797521200100105 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 33-45

Author(s):

A. Damodaran

Keyword(s):

Environmental Governance ◽

Command And Control ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Governance System ◽

Global Commons ◽

Multi Level ◽

Environmental Goals ◽

Local Commons ◽

Multi Stakeholder ◽

And Control

A close reading of India’s Constitution indicates that the ideals of pluralism and diversity underpin our basic approach to environmental issues. All the same, the past record of environmental governance in the country suggests that the twin ideals have not been adequately captured through appropriate policies and programmes. Part of the reason for this situation has been the predominant use of command and control instruments for realizing environmental goals. This article argues that the future of environmental governance in India lies in pursuing the principles of pluralism and diversity through balanced approaches to issues. This would imply having an open mind towards ‘command and control’ and ‘market based instruments’, pursuing economic and social development within the ambit of environmental policies, conserving the diversity of landscapes and nurturing a network of public spheres that can create plural viewpoints on environmental issues. In the light of the current environmental scenario in the country, where local commons and global commons fight for space, it is argued that an enlightened ‘fiat and forbearance regime’ that balances the ‘global’ with the ‘local’ offers the best hope for promoting plurality and diversity in environmental governance. The article unfolds the architecture of an enlightened fiat and forbearance regime for India in its local, regional, national and global dimensions. It is argued that a multi-level, multi-stakeholder governance system, if backed by certain enabling principles, can help India realize the paradigm of ‘enlightened fiat and forbearance regime’ in the realm of environment.

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Environmental Regulations in India

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.417 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rama Mohana R Turaga ◽

Anish Sugathan

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Environmental Governance ◽

Large Population ◽

Command And Control ◽

Development Model ◽

Middle Income ◽

Policy Framing ◽

The World ◽

Human Cost ◽

And Control

Pollution is one of the greatest causes of premature deaths and morbidity in the world, and this burden of pollution is disproportionately borne by the lower and middle income countries such as India—home to more than one-sixth of humanity. In India, due to the compound effect of its large population and high levels of environmental pollution, the human cost of pollution is among the highest in the world. The environmental degradation is partly a consequence of the development model pursued after independence in 1947 based on large-scale industrialization and exploitative resource utilization, with scant consideration for sustainability. Moreover, it is also due to the failure of the environmental administration, governance, and regulatory infrastructure to keep pace with the magnitude and pace of economic growth in India since economic liberalization in 1991. Ironically, India was also one of the early pioneers of integrating environmental considerations into its legislative and policy-making process beginning in the early 1970s. The federal and state environmental regulation and policy framing institutions set up during this era, along with environmental legislation such as the Environment (Protection) Act 1986, are comparable in design, stringency, and comprehensiveness to other contemporary command-and-control environmental regulatory regimes in many industrially developed economies. However, the widening gap between de jure expectations of environmental compliance and the de facto state of affairs has been a great concern for environmental governance in the country. The ongoing debates discuss several mechanisms to address the regulatory failures. The first is a greater emphasis on strengthening institutions and mechanisms that foster transparency and public disclosure by pollution sources with the intent to increase access to and credibility of information on pollution. Proponents argue this will help mobilize groups such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the general public to pressure the industry and government to improve regulatory enforcement. Second, there have been calls for wider adoption of market-based instruments that are more efficient than the traditional command-and-control approaches on which India relies. Again, information is a prerequisite for the functioning of such market-based regulatory mechanisms. Third, the legal infrastructure to facilitate expedited hearing of environmental litigation is being created. With the establishment of the National Green Tribunal in 2010, India is one of only three other countries in the world to have an exclusive judicial body to hear environmental cases. This is potentially a significant step in providing greater access to environmental justice. An emerging view, however, argues that the prevailing economic development model is incompatible with ensuring sustainable development and requires a radical rethink.

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