Epidemiological studies on Ascaris lumbricoides reinfection in rural communities in Korea II. Age-specific reinfection rates and familial aggregation of the reinfected cases

1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Yil Chai ◽  
Byong Seol Seo ◽  
Soon Hyung Lee ◽  
Seung Yull Cho
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Epidemiological Studies

Assessment of a water filtration device for household use in rural communities in Mexico

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Galván ◽  
J. de Victorica
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Rural Mexico ◽  
Quality Water

Epidemiological studies in rural Mexico have shown the role of poor quality water in gastrointestinal disease incidence. This led to the establishment of a program, which included the assessment of inexpensive systems for household treatment of drinking water. We describe the main features of a hand carved stone filter evaluated over 6 months under laboratory conditions and 6 months under household conditions. The filter had a capacity of 5L and an average volume of 18L/d filtered water (the temperature of which was always an average 4°C lower than the influent). Average bacterial removals under laboratory conditions were 98% for total and faecal coliforms (TC, FC), 96% for faecal streptococci (FS), 99% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 100% for helminth eggs and protozoan cysts. During the field evaluation removals were 80–100% TC, 45–95% FC and 8–93% FS due to the different qualities of influent water and the operation conditions. Nevertheless, the filters represented an immediate mitigation measure of the health risks associated with the continuous ingestion of microbiologically unsafe waters.

Ascaris lumbricoides among children in rural communities in the Northern Area, Pakistan: prevalence, intensity, and associated socio-cultural and behavioral risk factors

Acta Tropica ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nishiura ◽  
Hirohisa Imai ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakao ◽  
Hiromasa Tsukino ◽  
Mohammad Ali Changazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factors ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Northern Area

A Review of the Literature on Rural Suicide

Crisis ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jameson K. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Prevention And Intervention ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors

Abstract. Background. Suicide is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Differences in rates of suicide exist between urban and rural areas; however, little rigorous research has examined the phenomena of rural suicide. Objective. This review examines the current body of literature on rural suicide and investigates differences between rural and urban suicide, including socioeconomic, psychological, and cultural variables. Prevention and intervention strategies specific to rural communities are discussed. Description of studies. All empirical and epidemiological studies of rural suicide were included in the review regardless of study design or methodology. Results. Although findings are mixed, research and epidemiological data indicate that suicide is a public health concern in rural areas, with suicide rates often greater than in urban areas. Discussion. Rural locale may create geographic, psychological, and sociocultural barriers to treatment of suicide. A better understanding of the role of rurality in the development and maintenance of suicidal thoughts and behaviors is needed and may inform prevention and intervention efforts.

Variance in disease risk: rural populations and genetic diversity

Genome ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.D. Jenkins ◽  
A.E. Lipka ◽  
A.J. Fogleman ◽  
K.R. Delfino ◽  
R.S. Malhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Significant Disease

Over 19% of the US population resides in rural areas, where studies of disease risk and disease outcomes are difficult to assess due to smaller populations and lower incidence. While some studies suggest rural disparities for different chronic diseases, the data are inconsistent across geography and definitions of rurality. We reviewed the literature to examine if local variations in population genomic diversity may plausibly explain inconsistencies in estimating disease risk. Many rural communities were founded over 150 years ago by small groups of ethnically and ancestrally similar families. These have since endured relative geographical isolation, similar to groups in other industrialized nations, perhaps resulting in founder effects impacting local disease susceptibility. Studies in Europe and Asia have found that observably different phenotypes may appear in isolated communities within 100 years, and that genomic variation can significantly vary over small geographical scales. Epidemiological studies utilizing common “rural” definitions may miss significant disease differences due to assumptions of risk homogeneity and misinterpretation of administrative definitions of rurality. Local genomic heterogeneity should be an important aspect of chronic disease epidemiology in rural areas, and it is important to consider for designing studies and interpreting results, enabling a better understanding of the heritable components of complex diseases.

scholarly journals Geodemographic Area Classification and Association with Mortality: An Ecological Study of Small Areas of Cyprus

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetris Lamnisos ◽  
Nicos Middleton ◽  
Nikoletta Kyprianou ◽  
Michael A. Talias
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Area Classification

Geographical investigations are a core function of public health monitoring, providing the foundation for resource allocation and policies for reducing health inequalities. The aim of this study was to develop geodemographic area classification based on several area-level indicators and to explore the extent of geographical inequalities in mortality. A series of 19 area-level socioeconomic indicators were used from the 2011 national population census. After normalization and standardization of the geographically smoothed indicators, the k-means cluster algorithm was implemented to classify communities into groups based on similar characteristics. The association between geodemographic area classification and the spatial distribution of mortality was estimated in Poisson log-linear spatial models. The k-means algorithm resulted in four distinct clusters of areas. The most characteristic distinction was between the ageing, socially isolated, and resource-scarce rural communities versus metropolitan areas with younger population, higher educational attainment, and professional occupations. By comparison to metropolitan areas, premature mortality appeared to be 44% (95% Credible Intervals [CrI] of Rate Ratio (RR): 1.06–1.91) higher in traditional rural areas and 36% (95% CrI of RR: 1.13–1.62) higher in young semi-rural areas. These findings warrant future epidemiological studies investigating various causes of the urban-rural differences in premature mortality and implementation policies to reduce the mortality gap between urban and rural areas.

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