Assessment of a water filtration device for household use in rural communities in Mexico

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Galván ◽  
J. de Victorica
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Rural Mexico ◽  
Quality Water

Epidemiological studies in rural Mexico have shown the role of poor quality water in gastrointestinal disease incidence. This led to the establishment of a program, which included the assessment of inexpensive systems for household treatment of drinking water. We describe the main features of a hand carved stone filter evaluated over 6 months under laboratory conditions and 6 months under household conditions. The filter had a capacity of 5L and an average volume of 18L/d filtered water (the temperature of which was always an average 4°C lower than the influent). Average bacterial removals under laboratory conditions were 98% for total and faecal coliforms (TC, FC), 96% for faecal streptococci (FS), 99% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 100% for helminth eggs and protozoan cysts. During the field evaluation removals were 80–100% TC, 45–95% FC and 8–93% FS due to the different qualities of influent water and the operation conditions. Nevertheless, the filters represented an immediate mitigation measure of the health risks associated with the continuous ingestion of microbiologically unsafe waters.

scholarly journals Evaluating the groundwater quality of Damodar Fan Delta (India) using fuzzy-AHP MCDM technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadik Mahammad ◽  
Aznarul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Fan Delta ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Groundwater Quantity

AbstractIn recent years, groundwater pollution has become increasingly a serious environmental problem throughout the world due to increasing dependency on it for various purposes. The Damodar Fan Delta is one of the agriculture-dominated areas in West Bengal especially for rice cultivation and it has a serious constraint regarding groundwater quantity and quality. The present study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality parameters and spatial variation of groundwater quality index (GWQI) for 2019 using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method. The 12 water quality parameters such as pH, TDS, iron (Fe−) and fluoride (F−), major anions (SO42−, Cl−, NO3−, and HCO3−), and cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+) for the 29 sample wells of the study area were used for constructing the GWQI. This study used the FAHP method to define the weights of the different parameters for the GWQI. The results reveal that the bicarbonate content of 51% of sample wells exceeds the acceptable limit of drinking water, which is maximum in the study area. Furthermore, higher concentrations of TDS, pH, fluoride, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and sodium are found in few locations while nitrate and sulfate contents of all sample wells fall under the acceptable limits. The result shows that 13.79% of the samples are excellent, 68.97% of the samples are very good, 13.79% of the samples are poor, and 3.45% of the samples are very poor for drinking purposes. Moreover, it is observed that very poor quality water samples are located in the eastern part and the poor water wells are located in the northwestern and eastern part while excellent water quality wells are located in the western and central part of the study area. The understanding of the groundwater quality can help the policymakers for the proper management of water resources in the study area.

scholarly journals Holistic Approach to Design, Test, and Optimize Stand-Alone SOFC-Reformer Systems

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Michael Höber ◽  
Benjamin Königshofer ◽  
Philipp Wachter ◽  
Gjorgji Nusev ◽  
Pavle Boskoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Internal Reforming ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

Reliable electrical and thermal energy supplies are basic requirements for modern societies and their food supply. Stand-alone stationary power generators based on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) represent an attractive solution to the problems of providing the energy required in both rural communities and in rurally-based industries such as those of the agricultural industry. The great advantages of SOFC-based systems are high efficiency and high fuel flexibility. A wide range of commercially available fuels can be used with no or low-effort pre-treatment. In this study, a design process for stand-alone system consisting of a reformer unit and an SOFC-based power generator is presented and tested. An adequate agreement between the measured and simulated values for the gas compositions after a reformer unit is observed with a maximum error of 3 vol% (volume percent). Theoretical degradation free operation conditions determined by employing equilibrium calculations are identified to be steam to carbon ratio (H2O/C) higher 0.6 for auto-thermal reformation and H2O/C higher 1 for internal reforming. The produced gas mixtures are used to fuel large planar electrolyte supported cells (ESC). Current densities up to 500 mA/cm2 at 0.75 V are reached under internal reforming conditions without degradation of the cells anode during the more than 500 h long-term test run. More detailed electrochemical analysis of SOFCs fed with different fuel mixtures showed that major losses are caused by gas diffusion processes.

scholarly journals Rainwater Harvesting as a Drinking Water Option for Mexico City

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireya Gispert ◽  
María Hernández ◽  
Enrique Climent ◽  
María Flores
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Poor Quality Water ◽  
The University

Mexico City is one of the most water-stressed cities in the world; poor quality water occurs in several parts of the City. The use of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as a source of drinking water is gaining acceptance in several contexts, but the quality of the water obtained through these systems has not been sufficiently studied. This manuscript presents the results of water quality tests from samples taken in each component of an RWH system, installed by Isla Urbana at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), southern Mexico City. The RWH system culminates with a drinking fountain which supplies water for the students, and other members of the university community. Samples were retrieved from August 2014 to November 2015, approximately once per month. Results showed that with an adequate operation of the RWH system the major ions, fluoride, zinc, arsenic, lead, iron, copper, chromium, aluminum, nitrate, and total coliforms comply with national standards and international guidelines for drinking water. Thus, RWH constitutes a viable option for providing good quality water in a megacity that will become increasingly water-stressed due to climate change.

scholarly journals Initial growth and tolerance of melon cultivars under salt stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Erbia Bressia Gonçalves Araujo ◽  
Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá ◽  
Fernanda Andrade de Oliveira ◽  
Lauter Silva Souto ◽  
Emanoela Pereira de Paiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Poor Quality Water

The melon crop is normally developed in semiarid regions, where water resources are limited. This scarcity of water is a strong stressor on the crops, and requires the supplementation of existing water supplies with poor quality water, especially saline water. This can impede the growth and production of plants; however, the use of tolerant genotypes may minimize this problem. Thus, a greenhouse experiment was developed at the Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG, Pombal Campus, Paraiba State, Brazil, in order to study the emergence, initial growth, and tolerance of melon cultivars irrigated with waters of different salt content. We studied three melon cultivars (Gaúcho Redondo, Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho and Halles Best Jumbo) irrigated with five levels of saline water (0.6; 1.2; 1.8; 2.4; and 3.0 dS m-1), arranged in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme, with the treatments distributed in a randomized block design with four replications. The plants seeds were monitored for 30 days after sowing, and at 30 days the growth and salinity tolerance index was evaluated. Cultivar Halles Best Jumbo was the most tolerant to saline water during initial stage of growth, while the Gaucho Redondo was more sensitive to salinity. It was found that saline waters up to 1.8 dS m-1 were suitable for irrigation of melon plants round Gaucho and waters up to 2.4 dS m-1 could be used for irrigation of Gaucho Casca de Carvalho and Halles Best Jumbo crops during the initial growth phase.

Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Compost in Reclamation of Saline-sodic Soil Irrigated with Poor Quality Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Sundha ◽  
Nirmalendu Basak ◽  
Arvind Kumar Rai ◽  
Rajender Kumar Yadav ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Compost ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Poor Quality Water

Growth Response and Selenium and Boron Distribution in Broccoli Varieties Irrigated with Poor Quality Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2537-2549 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Bañuelos ◽  
S. Pasakdee ◽  
J. W. Finley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Poor Quality Water ◽  
Boron Distribution
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