Falcine Sinus: Incidence and Imaging Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Contrast-Enhanced Thin-Section Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract The cranial nerves, which represent extensions of the functional structures of the brain, traverse the head and neck. They are connected to various cranial structures and are associated with several diseases. An in-depth understanding of their complex anatomy and normal imaging appearance allows the examiner to identify and characterize abnormalities with greater precision. One important tool for evaluating the cranial nerves is contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, especially three-dimensional steady-state free precession sequences, which provide high soft-tissue and spatial resolution, despite the slenderness of the nerves. In most cases, imaging findings are nonspecific. Therefore, to narrow the differential diagnosis, it is necessary to take a full patient anamnesis, perform a focused physical examination and order laboratory tests. In this pictorial essay we review, illustrate and discuss, from a pathophysiological perspective, congenital, traumatic, and vascular diseases of the cranial nerves.

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Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced and non-contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of myocardial ischemic reactions

Journal of Nuclear Cardiology ◽

10.1007/s12350-011-9391-y ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 937-951

Author(s):

Cosima Jahnke ◽

Sebastian Kozerke ◽

Bernhard Schnackenburg ◽

Nikolaus Marx ◽

Ingo Paetsch

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Contrast Enhanced

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Multiparametric ultrasound imaging characteristics of multiple testicular adrenal rest tumours in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Ultrasound ◽

10.1177/1742271x21989081 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1742271X2198908

Author(s):

Nina M Mansoor ◽

Dean Y Huang ◽

Paul S Sidhu

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Imaging Features ◽

Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Colour Doppler ◽

Imaging Characteristics ◽

Contrast Enhanced ◽

Adrenal Rest

Introduction Testicular adrenal rest cell tumours (TART) are rare benign adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent testicular tumours, which can develop in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. If left untreated, they can cause testicular tissue damage and infertility. Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice allowing for non-invasive diagnosis provided that characteristic features are seen. In recent times, magnetic resonance imaging characteristics have also been described to aid diagnosis. Case Report This case describes the imaging features of multiple bilateral TART in a young patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Traditional greyscale and colour Doppler ultrasound demonstrated intratesticular, predominantly hypoechoic areas, with increased surrounding colour Doppler flow. In addition, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and strain elastography were performed, showing increased TART vascularisation and increased stiffness in the hypoechoic areas. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging confirmed bilateral lobulated, well demarcated, intratesticular lesions, which appeared predominantly isointense on T1-weighted imaging, hypointense on T2-weighted imaging, with heterogeneous enhancement following gadolinium administration. Discussion This case illustrates the sonographic features including greyscale, colour Doppler, contrast and elastography ultrasound of TART in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Both contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography can provide information about tissue properties not normally derived from conventional ultrasound and aid accurate diagnosis. Additional magnetic resonance imaging is not normally required with typical ultrasound appearances. The unusual findings seen on the ultrasound examination were likely secondary to poor compliance with treatment. Conclusion Familiarity and recognition of characteristic and uncommon imaging features of these tumours are important to avoid misdiagnosis and surgical intervention.

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