scholarly journals History of the national licensing examination for the health professions under the Japanese Government-General of Korea (1910-1945)

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
In-Soon Park
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Examination System ◽  
National Examination ◽  
National Licensing Examination ◽  
Licensing Examination ◽  
The Government

During the reign of Japanese Government-General of Korea (Joseon) from 1910 to 1945, the main health professionals who were educated about modern medicine were categorized into physicians, dentists, pharmacists, midwives, and nurses. They were clearly distinguished from traditional health professionals. The regulations on new health professionals were enacted, and the licensing system was enforced in earnest. There were two kinds of licensing systems: the license without examination through an educational institution and the license with the national examination. The Japanese Government-General of Korea (Joseon) combined education with a national examination system to produce a large number of health professionals rapidly; however, it was insufficient to fulfill the increasing demand for health services. Therefore, the government eased the examination several times and focused on quantitative expansion of the health professions. The proportion of professionals licensed through national examination had increased. This system had produced the maximum number of available professionals at low cost. Furthermore, this system was significant in three respects: first, the establishment of the framework of the national licensing examination still used today for health professionals; second, the protection of people from the poor practices of unqualified practitioners; and third, the standardization of the quality of health.

scholarly journals Exploration of the Non-normal Students’ Attitude to Taking Part in the Teacher Qualification Examination in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Lu Gong
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Teacher Certification ◽  
Career Planning ◽  
Job Choice ◽  
Examination System ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Teacher Qualification ◽  
True Purpose ◽  
Qualified Teacher ◽  
The Government

As the teacher qualification examination has been extensively spread in China in recent years, a "national examination fever" is rising among non-normal students. A large number of non-normal college students have obtained the teacher certification by taking the qualification exam. It is found that there are all kinds of attitudes to the students’ participating in this exam. Firstly, they once had to choose a non-normal major on account of different reasons, although they expect to be teachers. Secondly, they hold a blind attitude that all their friends take part in it. Thirdly, it is a practical way to have a job choice after graduation. Therefore, we have a responsibility to remind the students to treat the examination rationally, because it can’t ensure them the capabilities required for a qualified teacher even if they have passed three or four subjects. Meanwhile, those who participate in the exam only plan to increase the possibility of getting employed instead of genuine enthusiasm for education can hardly enjoy satisfaction and happiness. Therefore, the non-normal students should recognize and understand the true purpose of the examination and make a rational career planning. At the same time, the government needs to improve the teacher qualification examination system.

scholarly journals Livelihood Status of the People Living in Unified Enclaves (Chitmahal) of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
A. K. M. Zakaria ◽  
M. A. Mamun ◽  
M. A. Majid ◽  
R. Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
Community Clinic ◽  
The Government

The study was under take to determine and describe the general characteristic of respondents, to explore present livelihood status of unified enclaves people and to identify problems faced by them. The study was conducted at different unified enclaves’ areas of Lalmonirhat, Kurigram, Panchagarh and Nilphamari district during December 2016-June 2017. A total 200 respondents were randomly selected from unified enclave areas for the study 50 from each district. Thirty two percent residents live in straw and mud wall houses and side walls are developed either by tin or by bamboo or other low cost materials and poor families (29%) have walls made by jute sticks. Agriculture is the main source of livelihoods in these areas (80%) including agricultural day labour. Non-farm activities (20%) are mainly limited to shop keeping or trading, rickshaw van pulling. No formal educational institute sponsored by government or private sector was found in unified enclave areas but recently people in enclave areas have built new structures with signboard on their lands by own finances with the hope that their relatives and peers will get jobs if the government approves the scheme. There is no community clinic or primary healthcare facility in the unified enclave areas. Majority of the respondents (76%) take treatment from village doctor and Kobiraj followed by upazilla health care centre (13%) and 5% from community clinic. Ninety two percent birth deliveries had been attended by relatives or midwives at home. Nearly 92% girls were married before age of 18 years. The study reveals that 88% respondents were suffering from dowry but there is no eve-teasing in the unified enclaves due to their strong family and social bondage. Insufficient irrigation facilities and quality agricultural inputs, lack of training and lack of marketing facilities of agricultural products is the major problems of their livelihoods. Insufficient support and lack of training in agriculture, livestock and fisheries, lack of healthcare centre, educational institution, poor road transportation facilities, and insufficient loan facilities of agriculture is the major problems of unified enclaves. To improve the condition of lives of people in unified enclaves, need to ensure quality agricultural inputs and irrigation facilities, agricultural product marketing facilities, training on modern farming and agricultural credits with lower interest rate.  Group based or community based fish, poultry or cattle farming might be beneficial for landless people. Low cost capital is needed to establish micro or small business enterprise. To improve the condition of lives of people in unified enclaves, different government agencies have taken various initiatives. But government programmes will not be enough to meet various needs of people of unified enclaves. Intervention from private sector would address various development needs there.

scholarly journals Current issues and areas for improvement in the Korean Dental Hygienist National Licensing Examination: an expert Delphi survey among dental hygienists

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Yoon-Sook Hwang ◽  
Hyun-Sook Kang ◽  
Soo-Hwa Kim ◽  
Hee-Jung Moon ◽  
Sun-Mi Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Hygiene ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Delphi Survey ◽  
Dental Hygienist ◽  
Dental Hygienists ◽  
Rater Training ◽  
Practical Test ◽  
National Examination ◽  
National Licensing Examination ◽  
Licensing Examination

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate current issues and areas for improvement in the Korean Dental Hygienist National Licensing Examination (KDHNLE) through an expert Delphi survey.Methods: A Delphi survey was conducted from May through August 2016 in Korea. This Delphi survey included 20 persons representing the field of dental hygiene (7 groups from various dental hygiene-related organizations). The Delphi survey was administered through e-mail as 3 rounds of questionnaire surveys regarding the issues facing the KDHNLE and potential solutions to those challenges. The primary Delphi survey was an open questionnaire. In each round, subjects’ responses were categorized according to the detailed themes of their responses. The minimum value of the content validity ratio of the survey results was determined by the number of panels participating in the Delphi survey.Results: Issues facing the KDHNLE were identified from the results of the Delphi survey. The following 4 items had an average importance score of 4.0 or higher and were considered as important by over 85% of the panels: the failure of the practical test to reflect actual clinical settings, the focus of the practical test on dental scaling, the gap between the items evaluated on the national examination and actual practical work, and insufficiency in strengthening the expertise of licensed dental hygienists. The following items were suggested for improvement: more rigorous rater training, adjustment of the difficulty of the licensing examination, the introduction of a specialized dental hygienist system, and more rigorous refresher training for licensed dental hygienists.Conclusion: Based on the above results, the KDHNLE should be improved according to the core competencies of dental hygienists, including on-site clinical practice experience.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Standarisasi Pondok Pesantren

Nadwa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Sidiq
Keyword(s):  
Informal Education ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
National Education ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
National Education System ◽  
The Government

<p>Pesantren as a forerunner to the original Indonesian educational institution just legally recognized in 2003 through the National Education Law No. 20/ 2003. The pesantren educations that were initially oriented only on deepen-ing religious knowledge have begun to include general subjects. The inclu-sion of these subjects is expected to expand the horizons of students’ thought in which they will also take the national examination held by the govern-ment. The informal education outcomes are appreciated to be equivalent to formal education after passing the assessment of equivalency process con-ducted by agencies appointed by the government or local authorities by ref-erence to national education standards. The pesantren has a special place and position in the national education system. Therefore, the pesantren should always make improvements and increase its education quality.<br /><br /><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Pesantren sebagai cikal bakal lembaga pendidikan yang asli Indonesia baru mendapat pengakuan secara yuridis pada tahun 2003 melalui UU Sisdiknas No. 20 Tahun 2003. Pendidikan pesantren yang pada mulanya hanya berorientasi pada pendalaman ilmu agama semata-mata mulai memasukkan mata pelajaran umum. Masuknya mata pelajaran ini diharapkan untuk memperluas cakrawala berpikir para santri dan biasanya pula para santri mengikuti ujian negara yang diadakan oleh pemerintah. Hasil pendidikan nonformal dapat dihargai setara dengan hasil program pendidikan formal setelah melalui proses penilaian penyetaraan oleh lembaga yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah atau pemerintah daerah dengan mengacu pada standar nasional pendidikan. Posisi pesantren dalam sistem pendidikan nasional memiliki tempat dan posisi yang istimewa. Karena itu, sudah sepantasnya jika kalangan pesantren terus berupaya mela-kukan berbagai perbaikan dan meningkatkan kualitas serta mutu pendidikan di pesantren.<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals Testing the Effectiveness of CSR Dimensions for Small Business Entrepreneurs

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Nor Hadi ◽  
Udin Udin
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Loan Terms ◽  
The Government ◽  
Contract Implementation ◽  
Corporate Social

This article is intended to empirically test the effectiveness of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dimension of assistance to Small Business Entrepreneurs (SMEs) under companies’ guidance of Semen Indonesia in Central and East Java. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) implementation for Small Business Entrepreneurs (SMEs), besides as a social contract implementation, is also an effort to increase legitimacy. This study is essential to obtain effective and relevant CSR dimensions recommended for the SME empowering program. The study was conducted at SMEs domiciled around the mining area and the cement factory. Out of 250 SMEs, 92 SMEs were involved in this study. The research data was primary, including respondents’ opinions, where the data were taken using survey and interview procedures. Data analysis using statistics was a factorial analysis. The results showed that of the eight programs included in CSR in the field of assistance for empowering SMEs, two were effective for empowering SMEs: (1) low-cost revolving funds and (2) production equipment assistance for SMEs. Meanwhile, six other CSR programs showed ineffectiveness: (1) mentoring, (2) marketing, (3) ease of procedure and relief of loan terms, (4) education and training, (5) accessibility of obtaining loans, and (6) the involvement of parties in the implementation of CSR. It indicated that the six CSR programs were not effective in helping to build image and legitimacy. The results of the research make an important contribution to the government and corporations and show that the construction of CSR programs must give attention to the real conditions and needs of SMEs in order to achieve effectiveness in solving problems by SMEs. Especially for the government, regulations are needed that can systemically encourage companies to implement CSR. This research still has limitations, therefore further research should be developed, especially in the area of empirical testing related to the contextual dimensions of CSR that are relevant to assisted stakeholders. Development-based research should be considered.

scholarly journals Do Institutional Transplants Succeed? Regulating Raiffeisen Cooperatives in South India, 1930–1960

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Maanik Nath
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Market State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Rural Credit Market

The government in British-ruled India established cooperative banks to compete with private moneylenders in the rural credit market. State officials expected greater competition to increase the supply of low-cost credit, thereby expanding investment potential for the rural poor. Cooperatives did increase credit supply but captured a small share of the credit market and reported net losses throughout the late colonial and early postcolonial period. The article asks why this experiment did not succeed and offers two explanations. First, low savings restricted the role of social capital and mutual supervision as methods of financial regulation in the cooperative sector. Second, a political-economic ideology that privileged equity over efficiency made for weak administrative regulation.

scholarly journals Housing Programs for the Poor in Addis Ababa: Urban Commons as a Bridge between Spatial and Social

2021 ◽  
pp. 009614422198997
Author(s):  
Marianna Charitonidou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Housing Program ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Government

The article presents the reasons for which the issue of providing housing to low-income citizens has been a real challenge in Addis Ababa during the recent years and will continue to be, given that its population is growing extremely fast. It examines the tensions between the universal aspirations and the local realities in the case of some of Ethiopia’s most ambitious mass pro-poor housing schemes, such as the “Addis Ababa Grand Housing Program” (AAGHP), which was launched in 2004 and was integrated in the “Integrated Housing Development Program” (IHDP) in 2006. The article argues that the quotidian practices of communities and their socio-economic and cultural characteristics are related to the spatial attributes of co-housing practices. Drawing upon the idea that there is a mutual correspondence between social and spatial structures, it places particular emphasis on the analysis of the IHDP and aims to show that to shape strategies that take into account the social and cultural aspects of daily life of the poor citizens of Addis Ababa, it is pivotal to invite them to take part in the decision-making processes regarding their resettlement. Departing from the fact that a large percentage of the housing supply in Addis Ababa consists of informal unplanned housing, the article also compares the commoning practices in kebele houses and condominium units. The former refers to the legal informal housing units owned by the government and rented to their dwellers, whereas the latter concerns the housing blocks built in the framework of the IHDP for the resettlement of the kebele dwellers. The article analyzes these processes of resettlement, shedding light of the fact that kebele houses were located at the inner city, whereas the condominiums are located in the suburbs. Despite the fact that the living conditions in the condominium units are of a much higher quality than those in the kebele houses, their design underestimated or even neglected the role of the commoning practices. The article highlights the advantages of commoning practices in architecture and urban planning, and how the implementation of participation-oriented solutions can respond to the difficulties of providing housing. It argues that understanding the significance of the endeavors that take into account the opinions of dwellers during the phase of decision-making goes hand in hand with considering commoning practices as a source of architecture and urban planning frameworks for low-cost housing in this specific context. The key argument of the article is that urban planning and architecture solutions in Addis Ababa should be based on the principles of the so-called “negotiated planning” approach, which implies a close analysis of the interconnections between planning, infrastructure, and land.

scholarly journals Association Between a Medical School Admission Process Using the Multiple Mini-interview and National Licensing Examination Scores

JAMA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 308 (21) ◽  
pp. 2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin W. Eva ◽  
Harold I. Reiter ◽  
Jack Rosenfeld ◽  
Kien Trinh ◽  
Timothy J. Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Medical School Admission ◽  
Admission Process ◽  
National Licensing Examination ◽  
Licensing Examination ◽  
Multiple Mini Interview

Realising Ainu indigenous rights: a commentary on Hiroshi Maruyama's ‘Japan's post-war Ainu policy. Why the Japanese Government has not recognised Ainu indigenous rights?’

Polar Record ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohiro Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
United Nations Declaration

ABSTRACTThis commentary reviews Maruyama's article ‘Japan's post-war Ainu policy: why the Japanese Government has not recognised Ainu indigenous rights?’ (Maruyama 2013a), published in this journal. Maruyama criticises the government for its reluctance to enact a new Ainu law to guarantee indigenous rights, even after Japan's ratification of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). However, in actuality, the government is searching for the foundation of new Ainu policies in the existing legal frameworks and trying to guarantee some elements of indigenous rights. Japan's case suggests the possibility of realising indigenous rights without the enactment of a specific law.

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