scholarly journals Do Institutional Transplants Succeed? Regulating Raiffeisen Cooperatives in South India, 1930–1960

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Maanik Nath
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Market State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Rural Credit Market

The government in British-ruled India established cooperative banks to compete with private moneylenders in the rural credit market. State officials expected greater competition to increase the supply of low-cost credit, thereby expanding investment potential for the rural poor. Cooperatives did increase credit supply but captured a small share of the credit market and reported net losses throughout the late colonial and early postcolonial period. The article asks why this experiment did not succeed and offers two explanations. First, low savings restricted the role of social capital and mutual supervision as methods of financial regulation in the cooperative sector. Second, a political-economic ideology that privileged equity over efficiency made for weak administrative regulation.

Challenges and changes in Indian rural credit market: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sougata Ray
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
State Level ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rural Credit Market

Purpose Post-independence, the rural credit market in India has undergone significant structural changes in order to enhance the availability and efficient use of credit. The purpose of this paper is to understand the challenges and changes in the Indian rural credit market in the post-independence period. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the All India Debt and Investment Survey conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation of the Government of India from 1971–1972 to 2012 and Reserve Bank of India in 1951–1952 and 1961–1962, the study focuses on three important aspect of rural credit market, i.e. the availability, sources and uses of credit. The analysis is based on both the national and state level data and uses the decadal growth rates to explain the changes in the rural credit market. Findings Availability of credit, in terms of volume and number of households indebted, has increased substantially. However, the sharp rise in outstanding debt is a matter of concern. The share of credit from institutional agencies has seen a continuous decline post liberalisation. The non-institutional agencies, particularly the professional moneylenders, continue to be the most preferred sources of credit owing to their flexible nature of operation. Interesting, microfinance has emerged as a major source of credit particularly for the poor rural households. The rise in credit usage for non-income generating activities amongst poor households is another important concern. Originality/value The study highlights some of the most important features and characteristics associated with the Indian rural credit market. An understanding of these issues would provide valuable insight for shaping the future policy responses.

scholarly journals The Analysis Of The Rural Credit Market In Ghana

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Owusu-Antwi ◽  
James Antwi
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Interest Rate Policy ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Rural Credit Market

The formal banking sector does not satisfy the growing demand for credit, and many borrowers turn to informal loan sources to meet their production and consumption needs. The problem of the rural credit, which includes supplying credit for a rural community for economic growth, is reemerging on the development agenda as a pressing issue. The rural economy is financially very fragile. Lack of credit is a significant and sometimes binding constraint, limiting investment in productivity-enhancing technology and inputs. Rural credit plays a critical role in household strategies to reduce vulnerability. In spite of the contribution that credit entails to the rural development, it has been one of the crucial factors that have not been given proper attention. The purpose of this paper is to identify problems that have hindered the effectiveness of the rural credit market in Ghana. The paper is premised on the theoretical understanding of rural credit markets and applies the framework to investigate the aspect of the rural credit market in Ghana. Improving the rural credit system will help to raise household incomes and reduce poverty and will contribute to the eradication of extreme poverty. The paper identifies high cost, interest rate, lack of collateral, lack of innovation and high delinquency rates as the main factors that have hindered the effectiveness of the rural credit market in Ghana. This paper will interest policymakers to place more emphasis on savings mobilization and to revisit interest rate policy, while providing cheap and adequate credit to small and poor farmers.

scholarly journals What is the Role of Social Work in China? A Multi-Dimensional Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieru Bai
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Social Work Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Development Perspective

This article analyzes the role of social work in the context of the special political, economic, cultural, and historical background in China. A historical perspective is used to understand the evolution of the Chinese welfare system and explain the timing of reintroducing the social work profession. A pluralistic perspective is adopted to define social work relating to different stakeholders in social welfare and services. The government starts to diminish its role as a direct service provider. The traditional family and community have less capacity to take care of people. Yet, the social work profession is not ready to take over. Finally, a social development perspective is used to illustrate why economic growth is prioritized by the Chinese government and social work as profession is supposed to work to promote social stability and prosperity. Implications for social work research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Policy Determination in E-Budgeting Implementation by the Government of DKI Jakarta – Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 149-167
Author(s):  
Abdul Hakim ◽  
◽  
Ondy Asep Saputra ◽  
Choirul Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Political Resources ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Initial Process

This research discusses and analyzes the deep comprehensiveness of the process of determining and implementing the E-Budgeting Policy by the Government of the Jakarta Migrant Workers; Research methodology uses a qualitative approach. The research results reveal the effectiveness of the role of actors in the process of implementing E-Budgeting policies determined by several factors, namely: the level of understanding of budgeting procedures and mechanisms (APBD), activeness in providing input in the initial process (Musrenbag), and the ability to accommodate the interests of constituents into programs and concrete activities in the RKPD; the legislative role in implementing E-Budgeting can be mapped out by looking at the actions of the executive and executive, namely: first, the interaction of non-professional making models, is a form of meeting between the executive and the legislature to use the power and authority, use of the budget, process and use; secondly, the associative systemic pattern, is a model of executive and legislative relations that is influenced by political, economic, and social systems, so that the process of formulating the General Budget Policy (KUA) and the Budget Priority and Platform (PPAS) is not value-free because it is influenced by the interests and demands of various interest groups. If there are interests from groups that have more political resources and political power compared to other groups, then they are likely to influence budget decisions.

Innovation System and Increasing Reformulation Practices in the Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sector of South India

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 236-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harilal Madhavan
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Company ◽  
South India ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
The Government

This article emphasises the role of domestic knowledge capabilities and networks in shaping an incentive structure for innovation and research. I combine an analysis of in-house research activities by ayurvedic firms in South India with their inter-firm and inter-institutional relations in the establishment of a new innovation regime aiming to promote growth in the ayurvedic sector. The tensions typical of this competitive environment are discussed by paying attention to the absence of contingent regulatory practices and the recent efforts in this direction as illustrated by the use of the ‘Magical Remedies Act’ to curtail the claims of many firms in the market. The ayurvedic pharmaceutical company Oushadhi owned by the Government of Kerala as well as the private firmssnaOushadhasala Pvt. Ltd. and Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala Pvt. Ltd. (all from Thrissur district of Kerala) are analysed to delineate their research priorities and bottlenecks for innovations. The data of this ayurvedic sector is contrasted with the case of the Kani tribe and the ways in which their traditional knowledge has been reformulated into an industrial ayurvedic product. Through this exploration, the paper attempts to offer an economic explanation for increasing reformulation practices in Ayurveda.

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