Widespread physical mixing of starry ray from differentiated populations and life histories in the North Atlantic

Two life histories have been established for Rhodophysema elegans from the North Atlantic Ocean by field and culture studies. These are entirely distinct and occur, respectively, in (i) sexual, tetrasporangial and (ii) asexual, bisporangial populations. In tetrasporangial isolates, a sexual life history was unequivocally indicated by chromosome numbers of n = 18 in vegetative cells and 18 pairs during meiotic tetrasporocyte division. Bisporangial plants, interpreted as polyploid gametophytes (2x = 36), undergo a direct, mitotic bispore to bisporophyte life history and also produce diploid spermatia. The sexual life history in North Atlantic R. elegans differed in several respects from that reported in a Californian isolate. A taxonomic study of crustose Rhodophysema species from the Pacific Ocean in comparison with type material of R. elegans from France indicated that two entities have been reported from Pacific North America under this name, but neither corresponds with the type. (i) Crusts epiphytic on the seagrass Phyllospadix and algal fronds are identified as Rhodophysema odonthaliae, described from Japan. Evidence of both sexual and direct, mitotic tetrasporangial life histories has been observed in field collections of this species, (ii) Larger plants, with much larger spermatangia, collected on pebbles and brown algal stipes are considered as being growth forms of the monostromatic Californian species Rhodophysema minus.

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The Currents of the North Atlantic

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican09171892-13940supp ◽

1892 ◽

Vol 34 (872supp) ◽

pp. 13940-13941

Author(s):

Richard Beynon

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

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Power-feed equipment for the North Atlantic link

Proceedings of the IEE - Part B Radio and Electronic Engineering ◽

10.1049/pi-b-1.1957.0006 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 104 (4S) ◽

pp. 51-59

Author(s):

G.W. Meszaros ◽

H.H. Spencer

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

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NATO adaptation to current challenges and mechanisms of Ukraine’s cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Public administration and local government ◽

10.33287/101910 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

Oleh Poshedin

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Task Force ◽

Response Force ◽

Cyber Attack ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Joint Force ◽

Security Environment ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Area Of Influence

The purpose of the article is to describe the changes NATO undergoing in response to the challenges of our time. Today NATO, as a key element of European and Euro-Atlantic security, is adapting to changes in the modern security environment by increasing its readiness and ability to respond to any threat. Adaptation measures include the components required to ensure that the Alliance can fully address the security challenges it might face. Responsiveness NATO Response Force enhanced by developing force packages that are able to move rapidly and respond to potential challenges and threats. As part of it, was established a Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, a new Allied joint force that deploy within a few days to respond to challenges that arise, particularly at the periphery of NATO’s territory. NATO emphasizes, that cyber defence is part of NATO’s core task of collective defence. A decision as to when a cyber attack would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council on a case-by-case basis. Cooperation with NATO already contributes to the implementation of national security and defense in state policy. At the same time, taking into account that all decision-making in NATO based on consensus, Ukraine’s membership in the Alliance quite vague perspective. In such circumstances, in Ukraine you often can hear the idea of announcement of a neutral status. It is worth reminding that non-aligned status did not save Ukraine from Russian aggression. Neutral status will not accomplish it either. All talks about neutrality and the impossibility of Ukraine joining NATO are nothing but manipulations, as well as recognition of the Ukrainian territory as Russian Federation area of influence (this country seeks to sabotage the Euro-Atlantic movement of Ukraine). Think about it, Moldova’s Neutrality is enshrined in the country’s Constitution since 1994. However, this did not help Moldova to restore its territorial integrity and to force Russia to withdraw its troops and armaments from Transnistria.

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