scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Effect of Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure and Challenge Dose of Other Drugs on Behavior of Adult Rats

2013 ◽  
pp. S99-S108 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. ŠLAMBEROVÁ ◽  
E. MACÚCHOVÁ ◽  
K. NOHEJLOVÁ-DEYKUN ◽  
B. SCHUTOVÁ ◽  
L. HRUBÁ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Prenatally Exposed ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

The aim of the present study was to compare the response to acute application of several drugs in adult male and female rats prenatally exposed to methamphetamine (MA). Spontaneous locomotor activity and exploratory behavior of adult male and female rats prenatally exposed to MA (5 mg/kg) or saline were tested in a Laboras apparatus (Metris B.V., Netherlands) for 1 h. Challenge dose of the examined drug [amphetamine – 5 mg/kg; cocaine – 5mg/kg; MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) – 5 mg/kg; morphine – 5 mg/kg; THC (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) – 2 mg/kg] or saline was injected prior to testing. Our data demonstrate that prenatal MA exposure did not affect behavior in male rats with cocaine or morphine treatment, but increased locomotion and exploration in females. Application of amphetamine and MDMA in adulthood increased activity in both sexes, while cocaine and THC only in female rats. Morphine, on the other hand, decreased the activity in the Laboras test in both sexes. As far as sex and estrous cycle is concerned, the present study shows that males were generally less active than females and also females in proestrus-estrus phase of the estrous cycle were more active than females in diestrus. In conclusion, the present study shows that the prenatal MA exposure does not induce general sensitization but affects the sensitivity to drugs dependently to mechanism of drug action and with respect to gonadal hormones.

scholarly journals Sex-Dependent Effects of Neonatal Inflammation on Adult Inflammatory Markers and Behavior

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 2689-2699 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Kentner ◽  
S. A. McLeod ◽  
E. F. Field ◽  
Q. J. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sucrose Preference ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Total Fluid Intake ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Cox 2

Inflammatory molecules, such as cyclooxygenase (COX), a prostaglandin synthetic enzyme, have been identified as a marker of depressive symptomology. Previously, we have observed elevated basal COX-2 expression in the hypothalamus of adult male rats treated neonatally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which might suggest a phenotype for disrupted hedonic behavior, a symptom of depression. However, COX-2 and its contribution to the expression of anhedonic behavior has not been investigated in these males or in female rats across the estrous cycle, which is the purpose of the current work. Here, we examine the effects of a neonatal LPS challenge or saline on the sucrose preference test as a measure of anhedonia, and hypothalamic COX-2 expression, in adult male and freely cycling female rats. Our data indicate a sex difference in that neonatal LPS at postnatal d 14 causes elevated basal expression of hypothalamic COX-2 in male, but not in female, rats. Additionally, baseline sucrose preference in male and female rats was unaltered as a function of neonatal LPS treatment or estrous cycle stage. In both male and female animals, 50 μg/kg LPS in adulthood caused elevated plasma IL-6 and hypothalamic COX-2 expression in neonatally saline-treated rats but significantly less so in neonatally LPS-treated rats of both sexes; this neonatal programming was not evident for sucrose preference or for total fluid intake (even after much higher doses of LPS). Our data are suggestive of a dissociation between inflammation and anhedonic behavior and a differential effect of neonatal inflammation in males and females.

INDUCTION OF GOITRE BY PTU OR KClO4 IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS. EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jolín ◽  
M. J. Tarin ◽  
M. D. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Tsh Levels

ABSTRACT Male and female rats of varying ages were placad on a low iodine diet (LID) plus KClO4 or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) or on the same diet supplemented with I (control rats). Goitrogenesis was also induced with LID plus PTU in gonadectomized animals of both sexes. The weight of the control and goitrogen treated animals, and the weight and iodine content of their thyroids were determined, as well as the plasma PBI, TSH, insulin and glucose levels. The pituitary GH-like protein content was assessed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. If goitrogenesis was induced in young rats of both sexes starting with rats of the same age, body weight (B.W.) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) content, it was found that both the males and females developed goitres of the same size. On the contrary, when goitrogenesis was induced in adult animals, it was found that male rats, that had larger B.W. and pituitary GH content than age-paired females, developed larger goitres. However, both male and female rats were in a hypothyroid condition of comparable degree as judged by the thyroidal iodine content and the plasma PBI and TSH levels. When all the data on the PTU or KClO4-treated male and female rats of varying age and B.W. were considered together, it was observed that the weights of the thyroids increased proportionally to B.W. However, a difference in the slope of the regression of the thyroid weight over B.W. was found between male and female rats, due to the fact that adult male rats develop larger goitres than female animals. In addition, in the male rats treated with PTU, gonadectomy decreased the B.W., pituitary content of GH-like protein and, concomitantly, the size of the goitre decreased; an opposite effect was induced by ovariectomy on the female animals. However, when goitrogenesis was induced in weight-paired adult rats of both sexes, the male animals still developed larger goitres than the females. Among all the parameters studied here, the only ones which appeared to bear a consistent relationship with the size of the goitres in rats of different sexes, treated with a given goitrogen, were the rate of body growth and the amount of a pituitary GH-like protein found before the onset of the goitrogen treatment. Moreover, though the pituitary content of the GH-like protein decreased as a consequence of goitrogen treatment, it was still somewhat higher in male that in female animals. The present results suggest that GH may somehow be involved in the mechanism by which male and female rats on goitrogens develop goitres of different sizes, despite equally high plasma TSH levels.

Insulin sensitivity, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and testosterone in adult male and female rats after maternal-neonatal separation and environmental stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (1) ◽  
pp. R12-R21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hershel Raff ◽  
Brian Hoeynck ◽  
Mack Jablonski ◽  
Cole Leonovicz ◽  
Jonathan M. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Neonatal Hypoxia ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
Neonatal Separation

Care of premature infants often requires parental and caregiver separation, particularly during hypoxic and hypothermic episodes. We have established a neonatal rat model of human prematurity involving maternal-neonatal separation and hypoxia with spontaneous hypothermia prevented by external heat. Adults previously exposed to these neonatal stressors show a sex difference in the insulin and glucose response to arginine stimulation suggesting a state of insulin resistance. The current study used this cohort of adult rats to evaluate insulin resistance [homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], plasma adipokines (reflecting insulin resistance states), and testosterone. The major findings were that daily maternal-neonatal separation led to an increase in body weight and HOMA-IR in adult male and female rats and increased plasma leptin in adult male rats only; neither prior neonatal hypoxia (without or with body temperature control) nor neonatal hypothermia altered subsequent adult HOMA-IR or plasma adiponectin. Adult male-female differences in plasma leptin were lost with prior exposure to neonatal hypoxia or hypothermia; male-female differences in resistin were lost in the adults that were exposed to hypoxia and spontaneous hypothermia as neonates. Exposure of neonates to daily hypoxia without spontaneous hypothermia led to a decrease in plasma testosterone in adult male rats. We conclude that neonatal stressors result in subsequent adult sex-dependent increases in insulin resistance and adipokines and that our rat model of prematurity with hypoxia without hypothermia alters adult testosterone dynamics.

scholarly journals Effect of Amphetamine on Adult Male and Female Rats Prenatally Exposed to Methamphetamine

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 43-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Šlamberová ◽  
Eva Macúchová ◽  
Kateryna Nohejlová ◽  
Andrea Štofková ◽  
Jana Jurčovičová
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Prenatal Drug Exposure ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

The aim of the present study was to examine the cross-sensitization induced by prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure to adult amphetamine (AMP) treatment in male and female rats. Rat mothers received a daily injection of MA (5 mg/kg) or saline throughout the gestation period. Adult male and female offspring (prenatally MA- or saline-exposed) were administered with AMP (5 mg/kg) or saline (1 ml/kg) in adulthood. Behaviour in unknown environment was examined in open field test (Laboras), active drug-seeking behaviour in conditioned place preference test (CPP), spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM), and levels of corticosterone (CORT) were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Our data demonstrate that in Laboras test, AMP treatment in adulthood increased general locomotion (time and distance travelled) regardless of the prenatal exposure and sex, while AMP increased exploratory activity (rearing) only in prenatally MA-exposed animals. AMP induced sensitization only in male rats, but not in females when tested drug-seeking behaviour in the CPP test. In the spatial memory MWM test, AMP worsened the performance only in females, but not in males. On the other hand, males swam faster after chronic AMP treatment regardless of the prenatal drug exposure. EIA analysis of CORT levels demonstrated higher level in females in all measurement settings. In males, prenatal MA exposure and chronic adult AMP treatment decreased CORT levels. Thus, our data demonstrated that adult AMP treatment affects behaviour of adult rats, their spatial memory and stress response in sex-specific manner. The effect is also influenced by prenatal drug exposure.

INVOLVEMENT OF INHIBIN IN THE REGULATION OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN PREPUBERTAL AND ADULT, MALE AND FEMALE RATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. HERMANS ◽  
E. C. M. VAN LEEUWEN ◽  
M. H. M. DEBETS ◽  
F. H. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Physiological Factor ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Pituitary Secretion ◽  
Fast Acting

Administration of steroid-free bovine follicular fluid (bFF), containing inhibin-like activity, depressed levels of FSH measured 4 h after injection in intact adult and 35-day-old female rats, but not in younger females. Suppression of FSH was also observed in intact male rats, aged 55 days, but not in older and younger male rats. Eight hours after injection of bFF, FSH levels were depressed in 15-day-old and older immature and adult rats of both sexes. Male and female rats, gonadectomized 2 days earlier, responded similarly to bFF treatment as did the intact animals. In a second experiment it was found that the rise of FSH levels, occurring within 8 h of gonadectomy, decreased with age in male and increased with age in female rats. Steroid treatment was found to prevent the rise in FSH levels partially in 15-day-old male and completely in 25-day-old female rats, whereas treatment with bFF was fully effective in blocking the FSH rise in both immature and adult rats of both sexes. It is concluded that inhibin might be a major physiological factor in a fast-acting control of FSH concentrations from at least the age of 25 days onwards in female rats. In male rats its physiological significance might be limited to the prepubertal period, despite the fact that pituitary secretion of FSH is suppressed by exogenous inhibin-like activity at all ages studied.

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate stimulates alveolar epithelial fluid clearance in male and female adult rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (5) ◽  
pp. L804-L811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar E. Kooijman ◽  
Stephanie R. Kuzenko ◽  
Denghuang Gong ◽  
Michael D. Best ◽  
Hans G. Folkesson
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Na Channel ◽  
Alveolar Fluid Clearance ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Cell membrane phospholipids, like phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI( 4 , 5 )P2], can regulate epithelial Na channel (ENaC) activity. Gender differences in lung ENaC expression have also been demonstrated. However, the effects in vivo on alveolar fluid clearance are uncertain. Thus PI( 4 , 5 )P2 effects on alveolar fluid clearance were studied in male and female rats. An isosmolar 5% albumin solution was intrapulmonary instilled; alveolar fluid clearance was studied for 1 h. Female rats had a 37 ± 19% higher baseline alveolar fluid clearance than male rats. Bilateral ovariectomy attenuated this gender difference. Compared with controls, PI( 4 , 5 )P2 instillation (300 μM) increased alveolar fluid clearance by ∼93% in both genders. Amiloride or the specific αENaC small-interfering RNA inhibited baseline and PI( 4 , 5 )P2-stimulated alveolar fluid clearance in both genders, indicating a dependence on amiloride-sensitive pathways. The fraction of amiloride inhibition was greater in PI( 4 , 5 )P2-instilled rats (male: 64 ± 10%; female: 70 ± 11%) than in controls (male: 30 ± 6%; female: 44 ± 8%). PI( 4 , 5 )P2 instillation lacked additional alveolar fluid clearance stimulation above that of terbutaline, nor did propranolol inhibit alveolar fluid clearance after PI( 4 , 5 )P2 instillation, indicating that PI( 4 , 5 )P2 stimulation was not secondary to endogenous β-adrenoceptor activation. PI( 4 , 5 )P2 amine instillation resulted in an intermediate alveolar fluid clearance stimulation, suggesting that, to reach maximal alveolar fluid clearance stimulation, PI( 4 , 5 )P2 must reside in cell membranes. In summary, PI( 4 , 5 )P2 instillation upregulated in vivo alveolar fluid clearance similar to short-term β-adrenoceptor upregulation of alveolar fluid clearance. PI( 4 , 5 )P2 stimulation was mediated partly by increased amiloride-sensitive Na transport. There exist important gender-related effects suggesting a female advantage that may have clinical implications for resolution of acute lung injury.

Taste reactivity responses in rats: influence of sex and the estrous cycle

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (3) ◽  
pp. R718-R724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon N. D. A. Clarke ◽  
Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Taste Reactivity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Reactivity Test ◽  
The Impact

Gonadal hormones (e.g., estradiol) may regulate feeding by producing a shift in the taste or palatability of food items. This study examined the impact of endogenous gonadal hormones on palatability by investigating sex differences in taste responsivity, as well as the effect of the estrous cycle on taste responsivity, in a rodent model. In the taste reactivity test, male and female Long-Evans rats received a brief (1 min) intraoral infusion of one of three tastants: sucrose (0.3 M), quinine (0.0003 M), and a sucrose-quinine mixture (0.3 M sucrose and 0.0003 M quinine). Statistical analyses indicated that female rats tested during diestrus or proestrus produced significantly more ingestive responses than did male rats and fewer aversive responses than did both male rats and female rats tested during estrus or metestrus ( P < 0.05). These results indicate a sex difference in taste responsivity in the rat that is modulated by the reproductive status of female rats. This finding implies a role of gonadal hormones in the regulation of taste responsivity in the rat.

E.3 - THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL METHAMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE AND CHALLENGE DOSE OF OTHER DRUGS OF ABUSE ON BEHAVIOR OF ADULT MALE AND FEMALE RATS

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e41-e42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Slamberova ◽  
Eva Macuchova ◽  
C. Kateryna Nohejlova ◽  
Marie Pometlova ◽  
Barbora Schutova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Pars distalis cell quantification in normal adult male and female rats

1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Dada ◽  
G. T. Campbell ◽  
C. A. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gh Cells ◽  
Male And Female Rats

ABSTRACT We analysed cell types in the pars distalis of normal young adult male and female rats with respect to their percentages and the relative volumes they occupy. In male rats the percentages of the cell types were: prolactin 49·80, GH 22·67, LH 5·04, FSH 4·22, ACTH 2·93 and TSH 2·09, The volume densities were: prolactin 20·48, GH 20·95, LH 7·34, FSH 6·73, ACTH 3·75 and TSH 3·19. In female rats the percentages of the cell types were: prolactin 52·40, GH 20·30, LH 5·89, FSH 4·06, ACTH 2·53, TSH 2·40 and the volume densities were: prolactin 28·09, GH 20·86, LH 8·11, FSH 5·46, ACTH 3·49 and TSH 2·91. The percentages of pars distalis cells which did not stain with the antisera to the six classical hormones were 17·47 in male and 16·48 in female rats. The results suggest that (1) in both sexes the number (N) of prolactin cells > N of GH cells > N of gonadotrophs > N of TSH or ACTH cells, (2) the percentage of each cell type was similar in both sexes, (3) the volume density (Vv) of prolactin cells was greater than the Vv of GH cells in female but not in male rats and in both sexes the Vv of GH cells > the Vv of gonadotrophs > the Vv of TSH or ACTH cells, (4) in both sexes the volume (V) of prolactin cells < the V of GH cells < the V of gonadotrophs, the V of TSH cells or the V of ACTH cells, (5) the V of prolactin cells was greater in female than in male rats and (6) approximately 17% of the cells in the pars distalis of both sexes did not contain 'immunoreactive' prolactin, GH, LH, FSH, TSH or ACTH. J. Endocr. (1984) 101, 87–94

scholarly journals Alcohol and Vapourized Nicotine Co-Exposure During Adolescence Contribute Differentially to Sex-Specific Behavioural Effects in Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Ruffolo ◽  
Jude Frie ◽  
Hayley Thorpe ◽  
Malik Talhat ◽  
Jibran Khokhar
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Drinking ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Alcohol Preference ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Introduction: Co-occurrence of e-cigarette use and alcohol consumption during adolescence is frequent. However, little is known about their long-lasting effects when combined. Here, we examined whether adolescent co-exposure to alcohol drinking and vapourized nicotine would impact reward- and cognition-related behaviours in adult male and female rats during adulthood. Methods: Four groups of male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n=8-11/group/sex) received either nicotine (JUUL 5% nicotine pods) or vehicle vapour daily between postnatal days 30-46, while having continuous voluntary access to ethanol and water during this time in a two-bottle preference design. Upon reaching adulthood, rats underwent behavioural testing utilizing Pavlovian conditioned approach testing, fear conditioning and a two-bottle alcohol preference test. Results: A sex-dependent effect was found in the two-bottle preference test in adulthood such that females had a higher intake and preference for alcohol compared to males regardless of adolescent exposure; both male and female adult rats had greater alcohol preference compared to adolescents. Male rats exposed to vapourized nicotine with or without alcohol drinking during adolescence exhibited altered reward-related learning in adulthood, evidenced by enhanced levels of sign-tracking behaviour. Male rats that drank alcohol with or without nicotine vapour in adolescence showed deficits in associative fear learning and memory as adults. In contrast, these effects were not seen in female rats exposed to alcohol and nicotine vapour during adolescence. Conclusions: The present study provides evidence that co-exposure to alcohol and vapourized nicotine during adolescence in male, but not female, rats produces long-term changes in reward- and cognition-related behaviours.

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