scholarly journals TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE GERMINATION OF HERBAGE LEGUMES IN NEW ZEALAND

1987 ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Hampton ◽  
J.F.L. Charlton ◽  
D.D. Bell ◽  
D.J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Fluctuating Temperature

Percentage germination and germination rate (days to 75% germination) of 14 herbage cultivars from 5 legume species were assessed at constant temperatures of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and a fluctuating temperature of 5/1O°C. The percentage germination of white clover, red clover and lucerne was not affected by temperature. Germination of Woogenellup subterranean clover was reduced at 5"C, the germination of Mt Barker subterranean clover was reduced at 2O°C, and the germination of Maku lotus was reduced at 5°C and 5/10°C. Germination rates for all species slowed as temperatures moved away from the optimum, as did the number of days to the start of growth. The species order for germination rate was lucerne, white clover >subterranean clover > red clover >lotus at 10° and 5/1O°C, and subterranean clover (except cv. Woogenellup), white clover, lucerne>red clover>lotus at 5°C. Germination rates differed between subterranean clover cultivars, and also between individual seedlots of subterranean clover, red and white clover and lotus, particularly at 5°C. The implications of these results for pasture establishment are discussed. Keywords: germination rate, pasture establishment

scholarly journals TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON GERMINATION OF NEW ZEALAND HERBAGE GRASSES

1986 ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
J.F.L.Charlton J.G. Hampton ◽  
D.J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Fluctuating Temperature ◽  
Prairie Grass

Percentage germination and germination rate (days to 75% germination) of 14 'Grasslands' cultivars from 9 grass species were assessed at constant temperatures of 5,10,15,20,25,3O"C and a fluctuating temperature of S/lO"C. Ryegrass germination did not differ significantly within the range of temperatures used. Germination of Kahu timothy and Maru phalaris was reduced at or below 10°C and at 30°C. Raki paspalum failed to germinate below 15°C. The germination of Apanui and Wana cocksfoot and Matua prairie grass was reduced at 30°C. Germination rates for all species slowed as temperature moved away from the optimum, as did the number of days to the start of germination. Germination rate was greatest for the ryegrasses at all temperatures; for all other species the order was timothy, tall fescue> phalaris prairie grass and cocksfoot at lO"C, and timothy > phalaris, prairie grass>cocksfoot >tall fescue at 5°C. The implications of these results for pasture establishment are discussed. Keywords: germination, germination rate, temperature, temperate grasses, pasture establishment.

EVALUATION OF CLOVERS ON SANDY COASTAL SOIL

1977 ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.M. Williams ◽  
L.B. Anderson ◽  
B.M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Mediterranean Origin ◽  
Winter Annual

In evaluations of clover performances on summer-dry Himatangi sandy soil, it was found that none could match lucerne over summer. Emphasis was therefore placed on production in autumn-winter- early spring when lucerne growth was slow. Evaluations of some winter annual clover species suggested that Trifolium spumosum, T. pallidum, T. resupinatum, and T. vesiculosum would justify further investigation, along with T. subterraneum which is already used in pastures on this soil type. Among the perennial clover species, Kenya white clover (7'. semipilosum) showed outstanding recovery from drought and was the only species to produce significantly in autumn. However, it failed to grow in winter-early spring. Within red clover, materials of New Zealand x Moroccan origin substantially outproduced the commercial cultivars. Within white clover, material from Israel, Italy and Lebanon, as well as progeny of a selected New Zealand plant, showed more rapid recovery from drought stress and subsequently better winter growth than New Zealand commercial material ('Grasslands Huia'). The wider use of plant material of Mediterranean origin and of plants collected in New Zealand dryland pastures is advocated in development of clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland situations.

Effects of pH and aluminium on the growth of temperate pasture species. II. Growth and nodulation of legumes

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
FPC Blamey ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus

Ten temperate pasture legumes inoculated with appropriate rhizobia were grown for 31 days in flowing solution culture. Solution ionic strength was approximately 2700 8M and contained inorganic nitrogen (150 , 8M NO3-) only at the commencement of the experiment. Solution pH was maintained at 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0. Also, five aluminium (Al) treatments were imposed, with nominal Al concentrations of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 8M (2.5, 7.1, 8.3, 11.2 and 24.7 8M Al measured) at pH 4.5. Solution pH <6 . 0 markedly reduced total dry mass (TDM) in all cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) cvv. 'Grasslands Pitau, Huia, G18 and Tahora' and red clover (Trifolium pratense) cvv. 'Grassland Turoa and Pawera', and to a lesser extent in the two subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cvv. 'Tallarook and Woogenellup'. In contrast, solution pH had no effect on the growth of Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland, while Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku grew best at pH 4.5. Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku grew best in solution where the sum of the activities of the monomeric Al species {Alm} was maintained at 5.9 8M. The growth of all other species was decreased with Al in solution, a 50% reduction in TDM being associated with c. 6 8M {Alm] for white clover and subterranean clover, and c. 3 8M in red clover and Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland.

Survey of the productivity, composition and estimated inputs of fixed nitrogen by pastures in central-western New South Wales

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bowman ◽  
W. Smith ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
South Wales

Total productivity and legume nitrogen fixation (N2 fixation) in dryland pastures were examined in a 2 year study (1999–2001) on 118 farms in central-western New South Wales. Pasture exclosure cages, placed at 217 on-farm sites, were harvested on 7 occasions and the foliage hand-sorted according to species in order to measure shoot dry matter (DM). The separated legume shoot material collected in spring 1999 (52 different legume samples) and 2000 (76 different legume samples) from a subset of representative pastures (41 cages on 28 different farms in 1999, 32 cages on 25 different farms in 2000) was also analysed for concentration of nitrogen (%N) and 15N natural abundance. These data were subsequently used to calculate the proportion of the legume shoot N derived from atmospheric N (%Ndfa), comparative measures of the relative efficiency of N2 fixation (kg N fixed/t DM accumulated) and the amounts of shoot N fixed (kg N/ha). The survey encompassed 8 common pasture types, and 5 others that were less common, ranging from native perennial grass pastures with little legume content to lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pastures with and without companion clovers. Fifteen legume species were found in the pastures, some only occasionally. Lucerne and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were the only perennials. Mean spring estimates of %Ndfa were similar in 1999 and 2000 for lucerne (72 and 81%, respectively), rose clover (T. hirtum All., 82 and 77%) and annual medics (Medicago spp., 89 and 86%). For the remaining 12 legume species, measures of %Ndfa ranged from 64 to 95% and averaged 83%. Shoot %N contents were greater for lucerne than for the other 14 legumes and this was reflected in the comparative measures of N2 fixation which ranged from 14.5 kg N/t DM for rose clover to 25.7 kg N/t DM for lucerne in 2000. The most productive pasture type comprised lucerne plus balansa clover [T. michelianum Savi var. balansae (Boiss.) Azn.], white clover or arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi), but all pasture types that contained lucerne were highly productive. Spring was the most productive season and summer the least. Lucerne was overwhelmingly the most productive legume and was responsible for >83% of the fixed N in those pastures that contained both lucerne and other legumes. Lucerne productivity was approximately uniform throughout the year whereas, for other pastures, especially those based on rose clover or subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.), there were sharp peaks in spring and little or no dry matter production over summer. The presence of lucerne in pastures significantly (P<0.05) reduced broadleaf weeds. It was concluded that, where there are requirements in central-western New South Wales agriculture for uniform forage production throughout the year and a high input of fixed N, lucerne is substantially superior to other species.

Effects of pasture type on the growth and wool production of weaner sheep during summer and autumn

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (126) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Kenny ◽  
KFM Reed
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Persian Clover

The productivity of weaner sheep grazing lucerne, white clover, red clover or Persian clover and pastures sown with subterranean clover and perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot or tall fescue, was measured in summer-autumn trials incorporating four soil types in each of three years. During summer and autumn, the mean growth rate of sheep grazing lucerne, white clover or Persian clover pastures was 50 g/d compared with 1 g/d for sheep grazing perennial grass-subterranean clover pastures. Sheep grazing strawberry clover on reclaimed swampland, and sheep in a feedlot (fed hay and lupin grain) averaged 100 and 75 g/d, respectively. Sheep grazing red clover averaged 45 g/d over years 1 and 2. In year 2, a subterranean clover-dominant pasture was included in the study. Its feeding value was similar to that of the perennial grass-subterranean clover pastures. Sheep grazing legume pastures, and sheep in the feedlot, consistently produced more wool (up to 700 g/head) than sheep grazing the perennial grass-subterranean clover pastures. The concentration of neutral detergent fibre in herbage from legume pastures was frequently lower (P< 0.05) and the concentration of crude protein was frequently higher (P< 0.05) than in herbage from grass pastures. The dry matter digestibility of legume herbage was higher (P<0. 05) than that of grass herbage on only one occasion. Measurements of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre of pasture in December accounted for 67% of the variation in liveweight gain (P<0.01). Ewe weaners grazing red clover pasture exhibited an increase (P< 0.05) in teat length of 3.9 mm in 21d of grazing. Oestrous activity of ewe weaners was related to liveweight gain (r = 0.77). The implications of the results for agricultural systems are discussed.

scholarly journals Establishing and managing recent cultivars in arable dryland pastures

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
D.E. Hume ◽  
T.J. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Summer Crop

Grass and legume species/cultivars available to farmers in the summer dry east coast of New Zealand, other than the traditionally used perennial ryegrasslwhite clover, fall into 3 categories: 1. drought tolerant species/cultivars which will maintain production later into summer and respond quickly after drought, e.g. cocksfoot, tall fescue, lucerne, prairie grass. 2 . species/cultivars which will maximise production in winter and spring, e.g. prairie grass, phalaris, subterranean clover. 3. species/cultivars compatible with summer crop programmes e.g. annual ryegrasses.

scholarly journals Seed production issues that limit supplies or result in high market prices of dryland legume species

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
M.P. Rolston
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
High Price ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Dryland Crops ◽  
New Research ◽  
Seed Crops

A barrier to the adoption of many dryland legumes by grassland farmers is the lack of supply and/or the high price of seed. Growers face a number of problems in growing dryland legumes for seed, including a high risk of crop failure; alternatives such as wheat, barley and perennial ryegrass seed are lower risk crops. Gross margins for legume seed crops (including white clover) indicate that they have low profitability, at present prices if yields are average. Pollination remains a serious limitation to production, especially for dryland crops that are not well pollinated by honeybees. Both internationally and in New Zealand there has been a major decline in seed production research in the last decade, and little new research has been published on seed production of a range of dryland legumes. Seed production issues limiting yield in a range of dryland seed crops in New Zealand are identified. The paper concludes with suggestions that may help overcome some of these limitations. Key words: economics, lucerne, production constraints, red clover, white clover

scholarly journals White clover seed inoculation and coating in New Zealand

2011 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Lowther ◽  
G.A. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Coated Seed

This paper reviews the requirement for inoculation of white clover (Trifolium repens) seed with rhizobia bacteria in New Zealand. The pastoral industry relies on the nitrogen fixed by clover's rhizobia bacteria. These rhizobia were not present in soils prior to European settlement, but were introduced as contaminants, and naturally spread with pastoral development. The advent of large scale land development in the 1950s identified areas where clovers failed to nodulate and establish due to the absence of rhizobia, which led to the development of inoculated lime coated seed. Rhizobia have spread widely throughout New Zealand, and in the great majority of situations where pasture is being sown, soils now contain high levels of resident rhizobia capable of nodulating white, red and alsike clover, and inoculation of clover seed is not required. However, it is suggested the use of inoculated clover seed should be considered in the following three situations as an insurance against nodulation failure: undeveloped grasslands with no evidence of resident clover; virgin pastoral land cleared directly from scrub; and paddocks cropped with maize continually for over 10 years. It has been hypothesised that inoculating clover seed may improve clover growth through introducing more effective rhizobia with better nitrogen fixation ability, but the research in this area suggests there is little likelihood of any significant response from doing this. Keywords: rhizobia, inoculation, coated seed, white clover, red clover, alsike clover

Comparative effects of summer and winter conditions on the growth of six species of pasture legumes subjected to various nutrient levels

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Millikan
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Magnesium Level ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution

The results of a series of water culture experiments is reported in which the comparative effects of summer or winter conditions respectively on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Dwalganup), red clover (T. pratense L. certified), white clover (T. repens L. 'mother strain' certified), cluster clover (T. glomeratum L.), suckling clover (T. dubium Sibth.), and barrel medio (Medicago tribuloides Desr. strain 173), in a complete nutrient solution and in solutions deficient in either potassium, phosphorus, or magnesium were studied. In the complete nutrient solution, the mean daily increment in dry weight (T+R) for each species was less in winter than in summer. Rates of growth (T+R) of red clover, white clover, cluster clover, and suckling clover were each reduced more by winter as compared with summer conditions than was that of barrel medic, while a similar comparison also showed that white clover and suckling clover were more affected than subterranean clover. For subterranean clover and barrel medic (T+R) differed little as between the summer and winter tests respectively, but (T+R) for red clover, white clover, cluster clover, and suckling clover was significantly depressed under winter conditions. Significant season X species interactions occurred. Differences in seasonal conditions had no effect on the percentage top of five of the species when grown in the complete nutrient solution, but in the sixth species (barrel medic) winter conditions when compared with summer conditions favoured top growth at the expense of root growth (i.e. increased percentage top). Within any species there was no significant seasonal effect on the depression in (T+R) caused by a deficiency of either potassium, phosphorus, or magnesium. Between species certain significant effects were unrelated to seasonal conditions for potassium or phosphorus deficiencies, but with magnesium deficiency significant species x season interactions occurred for (T+R). Within species, the mean effect of potassium deficiency in reducing percentage top in all tests was significant for white clover, barrel medic, and suckling clover, but the season x potassium level interaction was significant for cluster clover only. There were no significant differences between species. Phosphorus deficiency caused a significant reduction in percentage top within all species under both summer and winter conditions, but no significant season x phosphate level interaction occurred. The percentage top of white clover was reduced more than that of subterranean clover in summer, but not in winter. Magnesium deficiency produced a significant reduction in the percentage top of white clover and barrel medic in winter, but not in summer. The season x magnesium level interaction effect was significant for white clover. Several significant species x magnesium level interactions for percentage top were also recorded.

Point-of-sale evaluation of preinoculated and custom-inoculated pasture legume seed

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Gemell ◽  
E. J. Hartley ◽  
D. F. Herridge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Pass Rates ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Assess Quality ◽  
Pasture Legume

During 1999–2003, 293 samples of preinoculated and custom-inoculated lucerne, subterranean clover, white clover, red clover and miscellaneous species (mainly other clovers) were sourced from commercial outlets and assessed for numbers of rhizobia, seed pellet pH and toxicity, and nodulation in a ‘grow-out’ test. Average rhizobial counts were 8400/seed for preinoculated lucerne, 1380/seed for subterranean clover and <100/seed for white and red clovers and for the miscellaneous species. These counts compared poorly with the average counts of 35 100/seed, 13 800/seed and 10 000/seed for freshly-inoculated lucerne, subterranean clover and white clover, respectively. Thus, overall pass rates of the preinoculated seed were reasonable for lucerne (73%), marginal for subterranean clover (32%) and very low for white clover (3%), red clover (4%) and the miscellaneous species (0%). The ‘grow-out’ tests for nodulation were positively correlated with rhizobial numbers on seed, confirming the use of plate counting of rhizobia to assess quality of pre- and custom-inoculated seed. Many of the seed pellets were toxic to the 2 clover rhizobial strains tested, although the toxicity did not affect numbers of rhizobia on the seed. In light of these results and other data on rhizobial survival on seed, we suggest the current Australian standards for rhizobial numbers on pasture legume seed at the time of sale of 500/seed (very small-seeded legumes with seed numbers >750 000/kg) and 1000/seed (other larger-seeded species, seed numbers <750 000/kg) remain in place. We recommend shelf lives be restricted to 6 months for preinoculated lucerne and the annual medics, to 6 weeks for preinoculated subterranean clover, and to 2 weeks for white clover, red clover and other miscellaneous species. In the long-term, new products and procedures will hopefully enhance the numbers and survival of rhizobia on seed such that the needs of both manufacturers and customers are satisfied.

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