Resident pasture growth and the micro-environment beneath young, widespaced poplars in New Zealand

2001 ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.B. Douglas ◽  
A.S. Walcroft ◽  
B.J. Wills ◽  
S.E. Hurst ◽  
A.G. Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South

Poplar (Populus spp.) trees are planted on pastoral hill country throughout New Zealand, primarily for soil conservation. The effect of wide-spaced trees (16-100/ha) aged 8-15 years on understorey pasture growth, botanical composition, and microenvironmental characteristics, was determined at Pohangina (1997-2000) and Lawrence (1998- 2000) in the lower North and South Islands, respectively. Relative to environments without trees, at Lawrence pasture growth (13 100 kg dry matter (DM)/ha/yr) was reduced by 20% and 34% on north and south sides of trees, respectively. At Pohangina (7915 kg DM/ha/yr), trees had less influence (7% and 14% reduction) on understorey pasture growth. There were also strong seasonal effects at both sites, corresponding to when the trees were foliated. Swards at each site comprised 81-93% grass. At Lawrence, swards had similar botanical composition beneath and beyond trees. Swards on the north side of trees at Pohangina comprised relatively high grass and low legume content compared with those on the south side and in the open. Compared with open pasture, areas beneath young poplars received up to 24% less rainfall and 31% less solar irradiance, and soil water content (0-200 mm depth) was up to 33% lower in summer and autumn. At intermediate soil water contents (0.25-0.35 m3/m3), the profile of soil water content around trees during drying was frequently U-shaped, being lowest beneath the stem and increasing with distance away from the tree. Likely reasons for the pasture responses and variation in tree-pasture interactions between sites are discussed. The results will be used to model changes in tree-pasture interactions over time. Keywords: agroforestry, poplar, Populus, silvopastoralism, soil conservation, soil water, treepasture interactions

Effects of Typical Chemical Agents on Preventing Pollution and Controlling Drought in a Cherry Orchard

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1340-1344
Author(s):  
Ren Kuan Liao ◽  
Pei Ling Yang ◽  
Shu Mei Ren ◽  
Hang Yi ◽  
Long Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Chemical Agents

In the North China plain, serious Non-point-source (NPS) pollution and drought are two great concerns in agricultural production. In our studies, two typical chemical agents ( SAP and FA ) were selected to control drought and pollution in a cheery orchard. Soil water content, nutrient transport in soil profile have been researched. The results showed that the soil water content of treatments with chemical agents increased maximally by 19.4% relative to treatment without chemical agents, and increased by 35.2% for Ammonium-N in 20-60 cm soil layer ( main root zone ). However, in 60-120 cm deeper soil layer, the water leakage of treatments with chemical agents decreased averagely by 15.1% relative to treatment without chemical agents, and increased by 43.8% for Nitrate-N. The chemical agents hold water and nutrient in root zone and thus reducing the risk of pollutant leaching into the underground water. It can be found that treatment ( 150kg/h㎡ SAP + 300 times FA ) is the optimal combination group in all treatments. The chemical prevention technology provided a new guide for controlling drought and reducing NPS pollution in cherry planting in the North China plain.

Estimation of soil water content and evapotranspiration from irrigated cropland on the North China Plain

2008 ◽  
Vol 171 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Jiang ◽  
Yongqiang Zhang ◽  
Martin Wegehenkel ◽  
Qiang Yu ◽  
Jun Xia
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain

scholarly journals Understanding the effect of canopy design on crop evapotranspiration for Scilate apple and Syrah grape in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Schurmann
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weight Yield

<p><b>Efficient and effective irrigation scheduling is strongly dependent upon accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), this requires understanding and incorporation of the effects that different soil conditions, orchard designs and trellis systems have on ETc. Orchard designs and trellis systems are designed to harness ≥ 85% light interception when fully grown, which is expected to lead to high yield and fruit quality. To investigate the effectiveness of such designs, an experiment in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, was carried out. Scilate apple trees of fifth-leaf vee and tall spindle, fourth-leaf planar, and Syrah grapes that were seven-years-old grown on silt-loam soil, and fourteen-years-old grown on stoney soil were used to investigate how light interception (LI), leaf area index (LAI), yield and fruit quality differed among these orchard designs, and ultimately affected evapotranspiration during the 2019/20 season. </b></p><p>Frequency domain reflectometers measuring soil water content (SWC), and tensiometers (matric potential) were used to continuously measure the soil water balance and estimate crop evapotranspiration. Light interception (LI-COR, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) and manual LAI readings were taken over four periods from budburst to full canopy. Fresh weight yield was extrapolated from a sample per tree/vine (n=30), maturity was measured by starch pattern index in apples, and quality was estimated from dry matter content (DMC%), and soluble solids content. Hourly ETo was computed using the FAO standardised Penman-Monteith equation, and data collected by an automated on-site weather station. ETc was estimated for ‘well-watered’ conditions using extrapolated daily light interception measurements, and compared with measured changes in SWC. </p><p>The apple trellis systems showed variation in LI (vee: 56%, tall spindle: 50%, planar: 36%), and LAI (vee: 3.2, tall spindle: 1.6, planar: 1.3). The vee system had the largest fresh weight yield in tonnes per hectare (vee: 141, tall spindle: 108, planar: 54). The different aged vines and soil type also showed variability in LI (young Syrah: 36%, old Syrah: 22%) and LAI (young Syrah: 1.3, old Syrah: 0.7). This variability was particularly obvious in the SWC results, where tall spindle showed the highest ETc and change in SWC, whereas planar and vee the lowest which was attributed to an ‘over-irrigated’ environment causing waterlogging, and ultimately decreasing transpiration, despite vee having the highest LI and LAI. Differences in orchard design and trellis system caused changes in ETc and soil water content which can be illustrated by light interception and LAI. However, this thesis demonstrated that soil and groundwater heterogeneity can cause significant variability in results which needs to be accounted for when modelling, irrigating and growing. Future work suggestions are the inclusion of transpiration measurements using sap flow meters to differentiate drainage and groundwater effects from ETc, and to further clarify when the trees/vines are being over-watered.</p>

scholarly journals Understanding the effect of canopy design on crop evapotranspiration for Scilate apple and Syrah grape in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Schurmann
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weight Yield

<p><b>Efficient and effective irrigation scheduling is strongly dependent upon accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), this requires understanding and incorporation of the effects that different soil conditions, orchard designs and trellis systems have on ETc. Orchard designs and trellis systems are designed to harness ≥ 85% light interception when fully grown, which is expected to lead to high yield and fruit quality. To investigate the effectiveness of such designs, an experiment in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, was carried out. Scilate apple trees of fifth-leaf vee and tall spindle, fourth-leaf planar, and Syrah grapes that were seven-years-old grown on silt-loam soil, and fourteen-years-old grown on stoney soil were used to investigate how light interception (LI), leaf area index (LAI), yield and fruit quality differed among these orchard designs, and ultimately affected evapotranspiration during the 2019/20 season. </b></p><p>Frequency domain reflectometers measuring soil water content (SWC), and tensiometers (matric potential) were used to continuously measure the soil water balance and estimate crop evapotranspiration. Light interception (LI-COR, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) and manual LAI readings were taken over four periods from budburst to full canopy. Fresh weight yield was extrapolated from a sample per tree/vine (n=30), maturity was measured by starch pattern index in apples, and quality was estimated from dry matter content (DMC%), and soluble solids content. Hourly ETo was computed using the FAO standardised Penman-Monteith equation, and data collected by an automated on-site weather station. ETc was estimated for ‘well-watered’ conditions using extrapolated daily light interception measurements, and compared with measured changes in SWC. </p><p>The apple trellis systems showed variation in LI (vee: 56%, tall spindle: 50%, planar: 36%), and LAI (vee: 3.2, tall spindle: 1.6, planar: 1.3). The vee system had the largest fresh weight yield in tonnes per hectare (vee: 141, tall spindle: 108, planar: 54). The different aged vines and soil type also showed variability in LI (young Syrah: 36%, old Syrah: 22%) and LAI (young Syrah: 1.3, old Syrah: 0.7). This variability was particularly obvious in the SWC results, where tall spindle showed the highest ETc and change in SWC, whereas planar and vee the lowest which was attributed to an ‘over-irrigated’ environment causing waterlogging, and ultimately decreasing transpiration, despite vee having the highest LI and LAI. Differences in orchard design and trellis system caused changes in ETc and soil water content which can be illustrated by light interception and LAI. However, this thesis demonstrated that soil and groundwater heterogeneity can cause significant variability in results which needs to be accounted for when modelling, irrigating and growing. Future work suggestions are the inclusion of transpiration measurements using sap flow meters to differentiate drainage and groundwater effects from ETc, and to further clarify when the trees/vines are being over-watered.</p>

Utility of a simple soil water budget model in agronomic research. 2. Estimates of available soil water in relation to profile changes of soil water content and potential

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Fawcett ◽  
OG Carter
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Profile Changes

A study was made of the effects of plant density, time-of-sowing and level of fallow water on profile changes in soil water content and potential during the growing season of spring wheat. The pattern of soil moisture extraction was affected by all treatments although water depletion occurred chiefly in the 0-90 cm zone. The results are discussed in relation to limitations of a simple soil water budget model and to wheat cropping on the north-west slopes and plains of New South Wales.

scholarly journals Long-term effect of soil conservation tillage on soil water content, penetration resistance, crumb ratio and crusted area

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 442-448
Author(s):  
Igor Bogunović ◽  
Péter Gergő Kovács ◽  
Igor Dekemati ◽  
Ivica Kisić ◽  
István Balla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Weather Extremes ◽  
Long Term Effect

Conservation tillage harmonizes soil protection with demands of the crop, soil and climate. The continuous conservation tillage improves soil properties and modifies impact of weather extremes. The aim of the paper was to investigate the changes in four soil physical states affected by soil conservation tillage and to evaluate soil water content in a critical period. The study was carried out on Chernozems applying six tillage treatments, that are loosening, ploughing, tine tillage (a deeper, and a shallower), disk tillage and direct drilling. The investigation suggested that soil conservation was the major solution resulting in the balanced water content (SWC) and penetration resistance values in both treatments under peculiar weather conditions. However, the crumb ratio and the crusted area resulted in significant differences between the treatments, presumably due to the level of surface preservation. Soil water content differed significantly between months, with higher contents in spring and lower values in the end of summer. The higher SWC expected at the beginning of the growing season was reliably fulfilled, but the SWC level for workabilty differed from the optimum.

scholarly journals Infiltration into Frozen Silty Clay Loam Soil with Different Soil Water Contents in the Red River of the North Basin in the USA

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debjit Roy ◽  
Xinhua Jia ◽  
Dean D. Steele ◽  
Xuefeng Chu ◽  
Zhulu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
Water Contents

Predicting surface runoff and flooding in seasonally frozen areas such as the Red River of the North Basin (RRB) in USA is a challenging task. It depends on the knowledge of the complex process of infiltration in frozen soil, such as phase changes of water, ice content and distribution in the infiltration zone (the top 0–30 cm of the soil profile), soil pore size distribution, soil temperature and freeze–thaw cycles. In this study, the infiltration rates into frozen soil (Colvin silty clay loam according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Classification, and Chernozem according to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) international soil Classification) were measured at three different initial water contents: permanent wilting point (PWP), θpwp; field capacity (FC), θfc; and between FC and PWP, θmid. Laboratory infiltration experiments were conducted using a Cornell sprinkle infiltrometer with three replications for each initial water content. Volumetric soil water content (θv) and soil temperature at three depths were also continuously monitored using sensors. The average infiltration rates were 0.66, 0.38, and 0.59 cm/min for three initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). Initial infiltration into frozen soil occurred quickly in the soil with θpwp because the soil was dry. Melted ice water contributed to the total soil water content over time, so it made the initial infiltration comparatively slower in the soil with θmid. Initial infiltration was also slower in the soil with θfc because the wet soil had very small pore space, so the soil rapidly reached its saturation after the infiltration started. The Horton infiltration equation was fitted with the observed infiltration rates for the soils with three initial water contents, and the goodness of fit was evaluated by using the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE). The final infiltration rates from the fitted Horton equations were 0.060, 0.010, and 0.027 cm/min for the initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). The soil water content along the soil profile changed with the amount of infiltrating water over time. However, the initial soil water content and melt water from ice resulting from soil temperature rise regulated the change in soil water content. The amount of ice melt water contribution to soil water content change varied among the soils with different initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). The θv changed gradually in the θpwp soil, rapidly at 0 °C in the θmid soil, and less in the θfc soil. The change in pore distribution due to freeze–thaw cycles and soil packing altered the soil hydraulic properties and the infiltration into the soil. This study can provide critical information for flood forecasting model and subsurface drainage design in the RRB.

Soil water content assessment: seasonal effects on the triangle method

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maltese ◽  
F. Capodici ◽  
G. Ciraolo ◽  
G. La Loggia ◽  
C. Cammalleri
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Content Assessment ◽  
Triangle Method

scholarly journals Differential Influence of No-Tillage and Precipitation Pulses on Soil Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Respiration of Summer Maize in the North China Plain

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2004
Author(s):  
Kun Du ◽  
Fadong Li ◽  
Peifang Leng ◽  
Zhao Li ◽  
Chao Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
The North ◽  
Precipitation Pulses

It is important to strengthen the studies on the response of soil respiration components to tillage practices and natural precipitation in cropland. Therefore, soil heterotrophic respiration (RH) and autotrophic (RA) respiration were monitored by a root exclusion method in the North China Plain (NCP). The tillage practices included no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT), and the study periods were the summer maize growth stages in 2018 and 2019. RH, RA, soil water content and temperature were measured continuously for 113 days by an automatic sampling and analysis system. The soil RH values on bright days and rain-affected days were higher under NT in 2018 (14.22 and 15.06 g CO2 m−2 d−1, respectively) than in 2019 (8.25 and 13.30 g CO2 m−2 d−1, respectively). However, the RA values on bright days and rain-affected days were lower under NT in 2018 (4.74 and 4.97 g CO2 m−2 d−1, respectively) than in 2019 (5.67 and 6.93 g CO2 m−2 d−1, respectively). Moreover, NT decreased RH but increased RA compared to CT in 2019. Compared to bright days, the largest increase in both RH and RA after rain pulses was under CT in 2019 (6.75 and 1.80 g CO2 m−2 d−1, respectively). Soil water content and soil temperature were higher in 2018 than in 2019. Moreover, NT increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature on bright days compared to CT in 2019. Furthermore, soil temperature accounted for more variations in RH on bright days and rain-affected days, but soil water content had a greater influence on RA on bright days. However, after precipitation, higher soil water content decreased RA under NT in 2018, while soil water content was positively related to RA under CT in 2019. This study determined the differential response of RH and RA to tillage practices and natural precipitation pulses, and we confirmed that excessively dry soil increases soil carbon loss after rain events in the NCP.

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