Jefe de la Plaza: The Rise of Augusto Pinochet

2019 ◽  
pp. 233-257
Author(s):  
James Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Officer Corps ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Augusto Pinochet ◽  
The Relationship

This culminating chapter examines the rise of Gen. Augusto Pinochet, an anticommunist officer who became dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. It assesses the coup that overthrew the Allende administration in five parts: Allende's politics, the professional officer corps' politics, the relationship between the professional officer corps and their senior commanders, Pinochet's decision to commit to the coup, and the involvement of foreign military and intelligence services, including the CIA and KGB.

The Security-Force Ethnicity (SFE) Project: Introducing a new dataset

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Lorenzo Johnson ◽  
Ches Thurber
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Security Force ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Ethnic Representation ◽  
Conflict Processes ◽  
State Security ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

The ethnic composition of state security forces is believed to have important effects on the dynamics of conflict processes, but data limitations have impeded our ability to test such hypotheses cross-nationally until now. To address this problem, the Security Force Ethnicity dataset provides time-series, group-level measures of the ethnic composition of military forces in the Middle East between 1946 and 2013. We draw on an extensive review of case studies and histories to produce unique ordinal codings for participation rates in the officer corps and in the rank and file. We demonstrate the utility of the data through empirical applications, examining the relationship between military ethnic composition and the incidence of coups and repression. Our findings illustrate the theoretical and empirical importance of disaggregating ethnic representation in the military from inclusion in other institutions of the state.

Intelligence and Grand Strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 405-421
Author(s):  
Joshua Rovner
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Covert Action ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
Logical Basis ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between intelligence and grand strategy. The first section discusses how intelligence informs grand strategy, and describes several factors that limit its influence. The second section introduces the concept of an intelligence posture, which describes how states build and operate their intelligence services. A state’s intelligence posture reflects its choices about how to collect information, how to prioritize what it collects, and whether to employ covert action abroad. These choices depend on the state’s broader approach to national security. Grand strategy guides key decisions about spying and sabotage, just as it provides the logical basis for the use of force. The chapter illustrates this idea by sketching intelligence postures for three grand strategies: restraint, liberal internationalism, and primacy.

Lessons

2020 ◽  
pp. 249-267
Author(s):  
Aldo Madariaga
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Shock Therapy ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Democratic Capitalism ◽  
Augusto Pinochet ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Democratic Rule ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the outcomes in terms of understanding the politics of neoliberal resilience and its implications for the future of democratic capitalism. It reflects on the apparent paradox that the cases of neoliberal resilience show a more stable democracy and less thoroughgoing penetration of populist political dynamics than in the cases of neoliberal contestation and discontinuity. It also reviews the analogy between the ability of General Augusto Pinochet to maintain his grip on political power in Chile in the face of many challenges, and the history of neoliberalism in Latin America and Eastern Europe. The chapter highlights the relationship between neoliberalism and constrained democratic rule that is characteristic of the relatively well-known and is a generalized pattern of the Chilean story. It talks about the establishment of neoliberalism that was pushed under outright authoritarian regimes and cites shock therapy conditions and its continuity.

Nationality Policy and the Russian Imperial Officer Corps, 1905-1914

Slavic Review ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Vitarbo
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
Nationality Policy ◽  
Service Loyalty ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the imperial Russian army's attempt to formulate a comprehensive nationalities policy for its officer corps after 1905. The army sought to establish service quotas for each nationality according to its percentage of the empire's population. The professed goal of this policy was the preservation of the numerical, and thus cultural, predominance of Orthodox, ethnic Russian officers. Yet this attempt to fashion an officer corps both “imperial” and “Russian” exposed competing paradigms of service, loyalty, and identity among tsarist officers, raising broader questions about the relationship between army, state, and empire. Thus concerns of nationality and nationalism affected the officer corps more deeply than has been assumed. Gregory Vitarbo's work provides new insights into the intersection of military reform, nationality policy, and imperial ideology in the late Russian empire, while further illustrating suggestive linkages with contemporary pan-European trends concerning military practices, nationality politics, and cultural ferment.

scholarly journals "An Offer Not to Be Refused": Ideology and Communist Party Membership before 1968 in the Narratives of the Czechoslovak Officer Corps

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 81-105
Author(s):  
Jiří Hlaváček
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
Party Membership ◽  
Army Officers ◽  
Career Growth ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Czech Society ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

This study focuses on the reflection of the relationship between the army and ideology in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. The main attention is paid to the issue of membership of Czechoslovak People's Army officers in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia before 1968. Through the analysis of oral-historical interviews, the author follows the narrative and legitimizing strategies of rejecting or accepting party membership, which was one of the conditions of career growth in the military during the period under review. An important factor in (re) constructing narrators’ memories in this case is the current media image of the communist regime in Czech society.

The 1970s: A Decline in Anglo-American Specialness and US–UK Relations with Latin America

2015 ◽  
pp. 18-39
Author(s):  
Sally-Ann Treharne
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Augusto Pinochet Ugarte ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
The Us ◽  
Augusto Pinochet ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

Anglo-American relations could not be termed as particularly ‘special’ during the 1970s. This was a decade of overall decline in the Special Relationship. The relationship ebbed and flowed and experienced moments of improved cooperation and development, but these were largely overshadowed by diverging political and economic interests, growing US isolationism and a decline in British influence in world affairs.1 It can come as no surprise that the Latin American region held little importance to wider Anglo-American relations at this time. In fact, the region was marginalised by both the US and the UK governments in the 1970s as various domestic issues came to the fore. There was one exception, and that was Chile; US–UK relations with Chile were predicated upon a desire to closely monitor the regime of General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte. This chapter will examine the tone of Anglo-American relations in the 1970s as a benchmark from which to appreciate the importance of the subsequent Reagan–Thatcher relationship. It will also briefly examine relations between Thatcher and Carter from 1979 to 1981 as a period of indifferent quality in bilateral relations.

The implications of intelligence practice within and beyond the state: An analytical model

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-113
Author(s):  
Peter Gill
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
The State ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multiple Interactions

The study of the democratisation of intelligence in former authoritarian regimes and, more broadly, the relationship between intelligence and democracy, has hitherto concentrated on state intelligence services. The article challenges the utility of this state-centric model and considers the significance of corporate and para-state sectors of intelligence including their multiple interactions with states. 'Securitism' is developed as a model of these interactions which can be used in the analysis of contemporary intelligence governance and the profound challenges posed to the possibility of democratic control and oversight.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document