Transworld Egoism, Empathy, and the Golden Rule

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Harriet E. Baber
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Real Possibility ◽  
The Real ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Actual Preference

According to preferentism, the ‘desire theory’ of well-being, one is made better off to the extent that her preferences, or desires, are satisfied. According to narrow preferentism, preferentism as it has traditionally been understood, the preferences that matter in this regard are just actual preferences; preferences we might ‘easily have had’, do not matter. On this account also, only actual preference satisfaction contributes to well-being. Merely possible preference satisfaction, including the ‘real possibility’ of attaining desired states of affairs, does not contribute to well-being. Broad preferentism makes sense of the intuition that feasibility as such contributes to well-being. On this account, we are made better off not only by the actual satisfaction of our actual preferences but also by the mere feasibility of satisfying preferences that we ‘might easily have had’. In addition to making sense of our intuition that feasibility as such, contributes to our well-being, broad preferentism provides a rationale for altruistic behavior. On this account support policies that benefit worldmates whose actual circumstances are different from our own because their circumstances are the our circumstances at nearby possible worlds, and our circumstances at other possible worlds, affect our own actual well-being.

From “Possible Worlds” to “Possible Experience”. Real Possibility in Leibniz and Kant

Kant Yearbook ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvaldo Ottaviani
Keyword(s):  
Actual World ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Real Possibility ◽  
The Real ◽  
Conditions Of Possibility ◽  
Metaphysics Of Modality

AbstractThis paper moves from a disagreement with those interpreters who explain Kant’s doctrine of real possibility in terms of possible worlds. It seems to me that a possible world framework is too much indebted to the Leibnizian metaphysics of modality and, therefore, cannot serve to make sense of Kant’s theses. Leibniz’s theory of possibility, indeed, has been deeply criticized in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (CPR). Interestingly enough, however, Kant’s principal argument for rejecting that the field of what is possible is greater than the field of what is real was already anticipated by Leibniz. However, Leibniz employed it to demonstrate that there cannot be more than one actual world only (the others being purely possible ones). Moving from this fact, I argue that there is a certain tension between what Leibniz says about the actual world and his commitment to a plurality of possible worlds conceived as ideas in God’s mind. The first part of my paper is devoted to show that such a tension can be traced back to Leibniz’s claims about the relation between the possible and the real. In the second part, then, I maintain that Kant’s theory of real possibility grows from a dissatisfaction with (and a rejection of) Leibniz’s attempted solution to the problem of characterizing a kind of possibility narrower than the merely logical one and, nonetheless, not identical with existence. Finally, I present a short account of Kant’s theory of real possibility, based on the notion of transcendental conditions as conditions of possibility of experience, showing how it works in the case of the forms of intuition.

EVERYDAY PRACTICE OF MOTHERS IN A PROVINCIAL SOVIET CITY IN THE 1950–60S

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Irina V. Bogdashina
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Working Mother ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
The Real ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Diffi Cult ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Right

The article reveals the measures undertaken by the Soviet state during the “thaw” in the fi eld of reproductive behaviour, the protection of motherhood and childhood. Compilations, manuals and magazines intended for women were the most important regulators of behaviour, determining acceptable norms and rules. Materials from sources of personal origin and oral history make it possible to clearly demonstrate the real feelings of women. The study of women’s everyday and daily life in the aspect related to pregnancy planning, bearing and raising children will allow us to compare the real situation and the course of implementation of tasks in the fi eld of maternal and child health. The demographic surge in the conditions of the economy reviving after the war, the lack of preschool institutions, as well as the low material wealth of most families, forced women to adapt to the situation. In the conditions of combining the roles of mother, wife and female worker, women entrusted themselves with almost overwork, which affected the health and well-being of the family. The procedure for legalising abortion gave women not only the right to decide the issue of motherhood themselves, but also made open the already necessary, but harmful to health, habitual way of birth control. Maternal care in diffi cult material and housing conditions became the concern of women and the older generation, who helped young women to combine the role of a working mother, which the country’s leadership confi dently assigned to women.

scholarly journals The Generational Impact on Meaning Making and Well-being of Adult Children Caregivers in Dementia Caregiving

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 908-908
Author(s):  
Vivian Lou ◽  
Daniel W L Lai ◽  
Daniel Fu-Keung Wong ◽  
Doris Yu ◽  
Shuangzhou Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Generation X ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Dementia Caregiver ◽  
Care Recipients ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Generations

Abstract Children caregivers contributed significantly to care and support dementia parents globally. In the caregiving journey, making sense of providing care plays significant role in their caregiving journey. In an ageing society such as Hong Kong, different generations of children caregivers take up dementia caregiver roles. We hypothesized that from studying baby boomers (BB, born in 1946-1964) and generation X (GX, born in 1965-1980), generations have impacts on their meaning making and well-being outcomes. 601 Caregivers completed a paper or online battery of questionnaires on burden (ZBI-4), mental well-being (PHQ-9), caregiving factors (ADL, IADL, caregiving hours, Positive Aspect of Caregiving; PAC) and the meaning making factors (Finding Meaning Through Caregiving; FMTC). Results showed that significant difference between caregivers from two generations. GX have significantly lower meaning made, measured by PAC affirming self and enriching life, as well as FMTC provisional meaning. While they spent less caregiving hours for the more independent care recipients, they suffered from higher burden, higher FMTC loss/powerless and worse psychological well-being (PHQ). The findings demonstrated generation X caregiver suffered from lower level of the meaning made and worse psychological wellbeing outcomes than BB caregivers. Future caregiver studies should take generational effect into account and services shall be provided in a generation-responsive approach.

Judge and Doctor

1887 ◽  
Vol 32 (140) ◽  
pp. 526-529
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Common Object ◽  
The Real ◽  
Medical Opinion ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
The Law ◽  
Answering Questions ◽  
General Appearance

We venture to think that there was recently a considerable rapprochement between the judicial and the medical mode of viewing certain criminal acts. Friendly intercourse between judges and mental physicians has had the beneficial effect of opening the eyes of some of the former to the real nature of crimes committed by the insane, while very possibly the latter have derived benefit from the free intercommunication of ideas in regard to a just judgment of matters upon which lawyers and physicians must at bottom have a common object—simple justice. We are sure that no judge really wishes an irresponsible man to be punished, and it is very certain no medical man wishes the guilty criminal to escape the penalties of the law. There are occasions, however, when we think that judges are somewhat unduly disposed to set aside the evidence of medical men, and not only to lay down the law, but to go out of their way to influence the jury in a direction contrary to that of the medical opinion given in evidence. As an example of judicial discourtesy we might instance the petulant language of Baron Huddleston in the course of a trial at the Devon and Cornwall Assizes last November, in which he seemed to us to forget the golden rule in his brusque treatment of a medical witness. And, again, the same judge more recently acted in a way which has somewhat rudely shaken the hope and belief above expressed, and made us fear that our judges may sometimes “indifferently minister justice” in the least favourable construction of that phrase. At the Winchester assizes, in November, a young man (Russell) was charged before Baron Huddleston with murdering his grandmother. Among other witnesses, Dr. J. G. Symes, for thirty years Superintendent of the Dorset County Asylum, who had examined the prisoner by desire of the Home Office, alleged that he was of low intellect, from his mode of answering questions and his general appearance. He appeared indifferent to his position and to the act he had committed. He did not display any excitement or delusions during the interview, and appeared to know right from wrong, but, in his report to the Treasury, Dr. Symes stated that at the time of the murder he was, in his belief, of unsound mind, an opinion the judge would not allow him to express in Court. The prisoner had had fits. In his summing up, the judge animadverted upon the evidence of medical men, and he thought it proper to assert that they usurped the functions of a jury in getting into the witness-box to show their knowledge and ventilate their own fancies and theories without being able to give the reasons on which they based their conclusions. Happily, the jury, while finding the prisoner guilty of murder, strongly recommended him to mercy on account of weak intellect, and he has heen reprieved.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Muslims and Islamic Concepts: Rethinking and Establishing the Actual Origin of Concepts and Thought in Psychology

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajmal Majeed ◽  
Jabir K.P
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Great Role ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
The Real ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Development Period ◽  
Academic Discussion ◽  
Muslim Scholars

The paper deals with contribution of Muslim philosophers, scholars, scientists and psychologists for psychology in the early development period of psychology. One of the major aim of this paper is to re-evaluate the real and factual origin of concepts about the treatments, theories, psycho-therapies, meditation etc. Today the western countries are ruling over the psychology development. The paper explains and establishes the argument that the Concepts and theories are formed with the contribution of Muslim thoughts and ideas. Islamic approaches and interpretation play a role in the advancement of psychology. The paper focuses on several Muslim scholars like Imam Ghazali, Ashraf Ali Yhanvi, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah ibn-Sina,etc. whose contributions are not mentioned in any academic discussion or textbooks of psychology or related publication. So the paper will be a thoughtful work for the psychologists to rethink about the contribution and the role of Islam and Muslims in psychology. Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) is one of the best person who lived in this world to lead the humans toward well- being in all perspectives of life. The paper concludes with the argument that the Islamic concepts and Muslim scholars have a great role in the advancement of psychology.

scholarly journals Is Utilitarianism Bad for Women?

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Baber
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Global South ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
Women Philosophers ◽  
Adaptive Preference ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Economics And Politics

Abstract Is Utilitarianism Bad for Women? Philosophers and policy-makers concerned with the ethics, economics, and politics of development argue that the phenomenon of ‘adaptive preference’ makes preference-utilitarian measures of well-being untenable. Poor women in the Global South, they suggest, adapt to deprivation and oppression and may come to prefer states of affairs that are not conducive to flourishing. This critique, however, assumes a questionable understanding of preference utilitarianism and, more fundamentally, of the concept of preference that figures in such accounts. If well-being is understood as preference-satisfaction it is easy to see why poor women in the Global South are badly off: even if they do not desire more favorable conditions they nevertheless prefer them, and that preference is not satisfied. Preferentism provides a rationale for improving economic conditions and dismantling the unjust institutions that prevent them from climbing higher on their preference-rankings. Utilitarianism, therefore, insofar as utility is understood as preference satisfaction, is good for women.

scholarly journals Modern approaches to the diagnosis of placental insufficiency according to cardiotocography

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
I. M. Ordiyants ◽  
U. T. Mekhdieva ◽  
A. M. Savicheva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pressure Pulse ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
The Real ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Average Blood Pressure

Purpose.The goal is to determine the real possibili es of assessing the fetal condi on in the ante- and intranatal periods according to the data of cardiotocography.Paents and methods.73 pa ents with physiological pregnancy at 24-40 weeks were prospec vely examined. The prac cal signifi cance of the g6b plus General MEDITECH automated fetal monitor, which allows to determine the condi on of the mother and fetus at the same  me, was evaluated.Results.The average blood pressure in the examined women was 127.2 ± 3.6 by 73.7 ± 2.3 mm. gt; pillars, pulse – 76 ± 1,5 beats/min. As for the contrac le capacity of the uterus, 47 (64,4%) pregnant women in 24–30 weeks. associated with diagnosis, and 19 (26%) – are harbingers of the forthcoming birth. The average SpO2was 99.12 ± 0.11%. Regardless of the gesta onal age, in 7 (9.6%) pregnant women – 97%, 40 (54.8%) – 99% and 21 (28.8%) – 100%. In order to assess the fetal condi on by the nature of his heartbeat, we performed an automated CTG analysis according to W. Fisher, D. Redman, FIGO: according to W. Fisher, depending on the gesta onal age of 6–7 points, 12 (16.4%) pregnant women in 25–26 weeks and 9 (12.3%) – 40 weeks, which according to the ball scale corresponds to a suspicious type. The Doze–Redman criteria were met in 47 (64.4%) pregnant women and were not met – in 26 (35.6%). Interpreta on according to FIGO guidelines as normal was detected in 64 (87.7%) pregnant women and in 9 (12.3%) – doub ul. Depending on the period of pregnancy, this group consisted of the same 9 (12.3%) pregnant women in a period of 40 weeks.Conclusion.Automated analysis allows for the correla on between the main indicators of the well-being of the maternal organism (SpO2, blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, ECG) and fetal CTG parameters (Fisher scale, Dowz Redman criteria and FIGO guidelines) to develop obstetric tac cs for each specifi c pa ent during pregnancy and childbirth.

On What There Isn’t (But Might Have Been)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stalnaker
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Contingent Existence

This chapter begins with some preliminary methodological remarks—about the aim and value of reduction in philosophical analysis, about thinking of the evaluation of philosophical theses in terms of costs and benefits, and about the contrast between realistic and anti-realistic accounts of a philosophical theory. It then discusses what possible worlds are and what the problem is about merely possible individuals. It argues that possible worlds are properties and not representations. It then takes an extended look at some examples of properties that are simpler and easier to think about than possible worlds but that share some of the features of possible worlds, construed as properties. It uses the analogy developed to motivate a metaphysically innocent account of the domains of other possible worlds. It defends a view that is committed to making sense of the contingent existence of individuals and properties, of propositions, and even of possible worlds themselves. The chapter concludes by sketching a problem that an account of this kind faces, a problem that will be addressed in Chapter 2.

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