Confessional policy of the Bolsheviks in the Сrimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1920-1930s

The article examines confessional politics in one of the most diffi cult periods for religious organizations that are the 20–30s of the XX century. At this time, active anti-religious work was carried out, so there were created some special organizations supposed to get rid of any manifestations of religious consciousness among the Soviet citizens. All the diversity of this policy is discussed on the example of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The policy that revealed the relation to the Orthodox and Muslim populations and took into account the national specifi cs of the region varied from relatively loyal attitude towards religious organizations in the 1920s to the events of the Great Terror of 1937–1938. The Crimean ASSR was multi-confessional. The authorities faced the need to compromise between the fi ght against religion and the desire not to aggravate confl icts with national minorities. The anti-religious policy was not supposed to confl ict with the policy of indigenousization. Throughout the pre-war twenty years, anti-religious work in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was not fully implemented and was poorly organized. The slowdown in the implementation of the anti-religious line was caused by both unsuccessful selections of the personnel and insuffi cient funding of the anti-religious activities carried out.

Medical errors — causes and contradictions

Studying and improving the theory of errors of doctors has always been important, and today it has become especially relevant.The article lists the main provisions of the advanced version of the theory of errors of doctors. The main content of the articleis devoted to four important aspects of the problem of physician errors. The article states the main contradiction of the problemof errors in medicine. The structure of general objective and subjective causes of medical errors is shown. The main optionsfor doctors to experience errors that complicate doctors’ mutual understanding in this problem are formulated. For the fi rsttime, the reasons for the denial of errors by doctors are summarized. These aspects and conclusions on them are the result ofan analysis of publications on the problem of errors in medicine, repeated discussions of the problem on professional medicalsites. The content of these aspects was based on its own material on error analysis and observation from practice. The aboveaspects and their conclusions need not so much to be confi rmed by special studies, but rather to refl ect on their role and placein the problem of errors. The general objective and subjective reasons for the occurrence of medical errors are shown inconnection with their possible "guilt". Lack of experience is presented as the most common cause of medical errors. Variousoption for doctors to experience errors are presented as a reason that makes it diffi cult for doctors to understand this problem.

Post-COVID-19 syndrome

The disease caused by new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is a global problem not only because of its wide spread occurrance, but also due to the high incidence of post-COVID syndrome. The literature review presents the results of numerous observations of patients, who undergone COVID-19. The most common symptoms are: general weakness, impaired cognitive functions, memory loss, depression, anosmia, dysgeusia, shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, less often — alopecia, skin rashes, etc. The most frequent symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome are described; the reasons and risk factors for its development are analyzed. The lack of views sameness on the term “postCOVID syndrome” makes it diffi cult to evaluate the frequency of certain symptoms development. Variants of the post-COVID syndrome are considered. It is proposed to distinguish between the post-COVID syndrome, developed after acute COVID-19 that lasts up to 12 weeks, and a prolonged variant of post-COVID clinical symptoms that last longer than 12 weeks, which should be distinguished from lingering COVID-19, its complications, and the consequences of intensive care. The questions of prognosis, diagnostics, and treatment of post-COVID syndrome are discussed.

Modern Intentions in Lesia Ukrainka’s Drama Cassandra

In her drama Cassandra (1903–1907) Lesia Ukrainka pays considerable attention to language and demonstrates its two defi ning forms and functional paradigms. One of them is language that appeals to the essential components of being. It is language that refl ects human existence in all its acuity and fullness of appearance. This language is complex and diffi cult to understand, but is the only real language of the age of modernism. Another language is superfi cial, appealing not to the depths of life and universal categories, but to temporary human needs and aspirations. Its task is to identify the ways and means of achieving a desired goal. Such language is manipulative, because its speakers tend to hide their personal interests under claims of the common good. Also, in the drama, Lesia Ukrainka innovatively raises a number of questions related to the internal laws of world development, the processes of human cognition, the functioning of language, and the understanding and interpretation of the word. The formulation and presentation of these issues demonstrate the clear modern attitude that the writer professed and embodied in her drama.

СТИЛІСТИЧНО МАРКОВАНА ЛЕКСИКА В РОМАНІ ТОМАСА БРУССІҐА “АM KÜRZEREN ЕNDE DER SONNENALLEE” ТА ЇЇ ВІДТВОРЕННЯ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ПЕРЕКЛАДІ

The article deals with problems of literary translation on the lexical level. Translation strategies and techniques used to reproduce stylistically marked words and expressions of Thomas Brussig’s novel “Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee” and the equivalency of their functions in the Ukrainian translation are explored. The word choice of the well known German author targeted at creating humorous or satirical tone in his novels constitutes his own individual style which is diffi cult to reproduce in other languages. That is why each new translation of his novel arouses a great interest of linguists and translatologists. The purpose of this article, therefore, was to classify the stylistically coloured vocabulary of the novel and to examine the lexical and stylistical choices of the translator S. Onufriv, especially the means chosen to render dialectisms, slang and jargon expressions, historical words from the GDR time, expressive personal nicknames, and denominations into Ukrainian. The main terms used in this article to describe the relation between the original text and its translation are “stylistic equivalency” and “stylistic density”, their application being explained based on the linguistic theories of translation (Fedorov, Retsker, Koller, Reiß). In the article, the comparative and descriptive methods as well as the quantitative estimations were used. Seven text fragments with 123 stylistically coloured expressions of lower register were chosen for our analysis. It revealed a higher stylistic density of the Ukrainian translation compared to the German text due to the use of stylistically lower vocabulary and Ukrainian dialect words used to substitute stylistically neutral words of the German author: 181 coloured words and expressions were found. The most important translation issues regarding the reproduction of dialect, slang words and of expressive names were defi ned. It was discovered that the eff ect caused by combining words of diff erent registers (formal and casual) had been lost in translation. Full stylistic equivalency of the youth slang translation as well as features of individual translator’s style were revealed. Several suggestions were made on how to avoid word-to-word translation in some places of the analyzed text fragments. To obtain the whole picture of formal translation equivalency, the tasks for further equivalency studies on other text levels were formulated. Key words: stylistically marked words and expressions, dialectisms, slang expressions, expressive personal nicknames and denominations, translation, stylistic equivalency, stylistic density

Nonalcoholic liver disease: review with a focus on risks of progression

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease which etiology is related to various metabolic, ethnic, genetic and even ecologic factors. Complexity of etiology and multiply pathogenesis ways, leading eventually to the lipid droplets appearance in hepatocytes, infl ammation process and parenchyma fi brosis in liver, and also frequent cardiometabolic comorbidities, together make diffi cult risks stratifi cation and prognosis evaluation in NAFLD patients. Another matter is a question of NAFLD therapy, since unifi ed pharmacotherapy approaches are not yet adopted worldwide, and lifestyle modifi cation being accepted as an eff ective therapeutic approach, is not followed by patients in real world setting. Current review is dedicated to the consideration of NAFLD diagnostics, its risk of progression and existing therapeutical capabilities.

The system of mental health care and psychoeducation as a form of counteracting the psychological stress related to the profession of a police officer

The main task of this publication is to present the psychological care and psycho-education system in the Polish Police. The aim of the mental health care system is to provide help and psychological support to police officers and police employees, and to relieve their tensions caused by negative external factors, called stressors. This help and support is necessary due to the fact that the profession of a police offi cer is considered a ‘high-risk’ job, one of the most stressful in the world and resulting in many diffi cult experiences, burdens and problems in the psychological sphere. Persistent mental disorders are often the cause of somatic diseases. Police offi cers on duty are confronted with many diffi cult situations, stressful events and they are exposed to numerous challenging and risky situations, which in consequence are the cause of the professional stress in offi cers. This, in turn, leads to psychological tensions and various ailments, somatic and mental illnesses. The article presents a number of factors that occur in the external service that are sources of work stress. Reference has also been made to the fact that a very common source of this stress is an inappropriate management process within the Police. The reason for numerous tensions are often confl icts between superiors and subordinates. However, the key to the publication is the description of the functioning of the mentioned system. The history of its creation is the fi rst step in its presentation here. The organisational structure of the system, the relatively full range of tasks assigned to offi cers, the organisation of their work, as well as the catalogue of events requiring their intervention and the forms of psychological assistance have all been presented. The paper also focuses on the psycho-education system — the one carried out directly by police psychologists, and this performed in a broader sense, called the psychological education which is carried out by the lecturers and management of the Police. As part of this psychological education process, future and current managers are equipped with a wide range of psychological knowledge. It is necessary for managers at various levels to be the fi rst to provide the necessary psychological support and ‘fi rst aid’ to their subordinates in cases of occupational stress and psychological load caused by service conditions. The conclusion shows that a well-functioning system of psychological care and psycho-education has a positive impact on the mental condition of police offi cers and employees, on their level of satisfaction with police service, and indirectly on the quality and effectiveness of the police work.

MINORS AS COVERT HUMAN INTELLIGENCE SOURCES OF THE POLISH POLICE PART 2

In 1990, due to political changes in Poland, the use of Covert Human Intelligence Sources (CHIS) in combating crime raised controversy. Therefore, the hastily and secretly prepared legislation limited the provisions to merely signalling the possibility of the police using this method of intelligence gathering. Despite further modifi cations of the existing law, the use of CHIS is still only referred to in Act on the Police [1990 Article 22(1)], which states that: “Police can use the help of non-police offi cers to perform their tasks.” The laxity of this provision is particularly evident in the context of precise and understandable regulations in countries such as Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the United States of America. The use of minors’ help is not regulated at the level of internal confi dential police regulations, which makes it diffi cult for police offi cers to fi ght juvenile delinquency. The aim of the research was to determine whether legal conditions in Poland prevent the use of juvenile CHIS. The analysis led to the conclusion that there are no legal obstacles present, but the use of juvenile informants should depend on the fulfi lment of certain conditions.

El texto de El ser sobrenatural como contexto próximo para entender la noología, la metafísica y la visión de Dios sobre Zubiri

The philosophy of Xavier Zubiri is recognized as one of the most diffi cult to understand because there is something unclear in it. Therefore one may guess that there is a hidden presumption done by Zubiri. Zubiri in the self-presentation of his philosophical backgrounds acknowledges that his philosophy owes most to the phenomenology of Husserl and metaphysics of Heidegger. He also admits of being infl uenced by Aristotle to a certain degree. Zubiri starts his analyses from perception of things, with which he fulfi lls phenomenological requirement of beginning philosophy with the description of reality. As the fi nal step he ads metaphysics, which explains the description of reality. Following this code of interpretation of Zubiri’s philosophy it is difficult to grasp its core meaning. What is this hidden supposition? In The Supernatural Being: God and Deifi cation in Saint Paul’s Theology, which he wrote in the 30s’ and 40s’ of the 20th century, Zubiri presents early Christian Neoplatonic theology. In the same work Zubiri also states that it is possible to discover the same ideas following the way up, i.e. departing from the creatures and ascending to God. And this will be the hidden supposition of his philosophy. This paper tries to show the philosophy of Zubiri can be understood as a kind of proof that the Neoplatonic vision of the reality presented in The Supernatural Being: God and Deifi cation in Saint Paul’s Theology is true and can be discovered by reason alone, i.e. departing only from description of facts.