Racial Discrimination and Housing Outcomes in the United States Rental Market

Background: Health disparities have become apparent since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. When observing racial discrimination in healthcare, self-reported incidences, and perceptions among minority groups in the United States suggest that, the most socioeconomically underrepresented groups will suffer disproportionately in COVID-19 due to synergistic mechanisms. This study reports racially-stratified data regarding the experiences and impacts of different groups availing the healthcare system to identify disparities in outcomes of minority and majority groups in the United States. Methods: Studies were identified utilizing PubMed, Embase, CINAHL Plus, and PsycINFO search engines without date and language restrictions. The following keywords were used: Healthcare, raci*, ethnic*, discriminant, hosti*, harass*, insur*, education, income, psychiat*, COVID-19, incidence, mortality, mechanical ventilation. Statistical analysis was conducted in Review Manager (RevMan V.5.4). Unadjusted Odds Ratios, P-values, and 95% confidence intervals were presented. Results: Discrimination in the United States is evident among racial groups regarding medical care portraying mental risk behaviors as having serious outcomes in the health of minority groups. The perceived health inequity had a low association to the majority group as compared to the minority group (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.78; P = .007), and the association of mental health problems to the Caucasian-American majority group was low (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.58; P < .001). Conclusion: As the pandemic continues into its next stage, efforts should be taken to address the gaps in clinical training and education, and medical practice to avoid the recurring patterns of racial health disparities that become especially prominent in community health emergencies. A standardized tool to assess racial discrimination and inequity will potentially improve pandemic healthcare delivery.

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Stand against anti-Asian racial discrimination during COVID-19: A call for action

International Social Work ◽

10.1177/0020872820970610 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002087282097061

Author(s):

Qin Gao ◽

Xiaofang Liu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social Media ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Asian Americans ◽

Well Being ◽

Political Rhetoric ◽

The United States ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Negative Impacts

Racial discrimination against people of Chinese and other Asian ethnicities has risen sharply in number and severity globally amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This rise has been especially rapid and severe in the United States, fueled by xenophobic political rhetoric and racist language on social media. It has endangered the lives of many Asian Americans and is likely to have long-term negative impacts on the economic, social, physical, and psychological well-being of Asian Americans. This essay reviews the prevalence and consequences of anti-Asian racial discrimination during COVID-19 and calls for actions in practice, policy, and research to stand against it.

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Longer Residence in the United States is Associated With More Physical Function Limitations in African Immigrant Older Adults

Journal of Applied Gerontology ◽

10.1177/0733464820977608 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 073346482097760

Author(s):

Manka Nkimbeng ◽

Yvonne Commodore-Mensah ◽

Jacqueline L. Angel ◽

Karen Bandeen-Roche ◽

Roland J. Thorpe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Older Adults ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Physical Function ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

African Immigrants ◽

The United States ◽

African Immigrant ◽

High Discrimination ◽

The Mean

Acculturation and racial discrimination have been independently associated with physical function limitations in immigrant and United States (U.S.)-born populations. This study examined the relationships among acculturation, racial discrimination, and physical function limitations in N = 165 African immigrant older adults using multiple linear regression. The mean age was 62 years ( SD = 8 years), and 61% were female. Older adults who resided in the United States for 10 years or more had more physical function limitations compared with those who resided here for less than 10 years ( b = −2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [–5.01, –0.23]). Compared to lower discrimination, those with high discrimination had more physical function limitations ( b = −2.51, 95% CI = [–4.91, –0.17]), but this was no longer significant after controlling for length of residence and acculturation strategy. Residing in the United States for more than 10 years is associated with poorer physical function. Longitudinal studies with large, diverse samples of African immigrants are needed to confirm these associations.

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Diaspora in the United States: Chinese and Indians Compared

Journal of Chinese Overseas ◽

10.1163/179325410x526131 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 286-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Emily Skop ◽

Wei Li

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

20Th Century ◽

The United States ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Migration Rates ◽

China And India ◽

History Of ◽

Migrant Groups ◽

The U.S

AbstractIn recent years, the migration rates from both China and India to the U.S. have accelerated. Since 2000 more than a third of foreign-born Chinese and 40% of foreign-born Indians have arrived in that country. This paper will document the evolving patterns of immigration from China and India to the U.S. by tracing the history of immigration and racial discrimination, the dramatic transitions that have occurred since the mid-20th century, and the current demographic and socioeconomic profiles of these two migrant groups.

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Racial Discrimination in Local Public Services: A Field Experiment in the United States

Journal of the European Economic Association ◽

10.1093/jeea/jvx045 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 165-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Corrado Giulietti ◽

Mirco Tonin ◽

Michael Vlassopoulos

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Public Services ◽

The United States ◽

Local Public Services

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3. Living in the margins

Asian American History: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780190219765.003.0003 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 52-82

Author(s):

Madeline Y. Hsu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

World War Ii ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Asian Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Perceived Threat ◽

World War ◽

Birthright Citizenship ◽

Economic Discrimination

“Living in the margins” considers the lived realities of immigrants’ efforts to foster community, livelihood, and family under exclusion. Birthright citizenship was a key steppingstone to securing some rights in the United States, but still did not protect the American-born from racial discrimination. Asian Americans remained primarily associated with demarcated residential and employment niches that confined their perceived threat, but also facilitated the pooling and sharing of resources necessary for survival in an openly hostile society. Anti-Asian hostilities became institutionalized through laws, government bureaucracies, and social and economic discrimination. The nadir was World War II when Japanese, even American-born citizens, were removed into “relocation camps” as “enemy aliens.”

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Racialized Discourse in Seattle Rental Ad Texts

Social Forces ◽

10.1093/sf/soaa075 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ian Kennedy ◽

Chris Hess ◽

Amandalynne Paullada ◽

Sarah Chasins,

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Decision Making ◽

Qualitative Analysis ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Residential Segregation ◽

Topic Models ◽

The United States ◽

Racial Composition ◽

White Neighborhoods ◽

Housing Segregation

Abstract Racial discrimination has been a central driver of residential segregation for many decades, in the Seattle area as well as in the United States as a whole. In addition to redlining and restrictive housing covenants, housing advertisements included explicit racial language until 1968. Since then, housing patterns have remained racialized, despite overt forms of racial language and discrimination becoming less prevalent. In this paper, we use Structural Topic Models (STM) and qualitative analysis to investigate how contemporary rental listings from the Seattle-Tacoma Craigslist page differ in their description based on neighborhood racial composition. Results show that listings from White neighborhoods emphasize trust and connections to neighborhood history and culture, while listings from non-White neighborhoods offer more incentives and focus on transportation and development features, sundering these units from their surroundings. Without explicitly mentioning race, these listings display racialized neighborhood discourse that might impact neighborhood decision-making in ways that contribute to the perpetuation of housing segregation.

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