scholarly journals On the Interaction of Gestural and Linguistic Perspective Taking

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hinterwimmer ◽  
Umesh Patil ◽  
Cornelia Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Test Item ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
As If

In this paper, we investigate the question of whether and how perspective taking at the linguistic level interacts with perspective taking at the level of co-speech gestures. In an experimental rating study, we compared test items clearly expressing the perspective of an individual participating in the event described by the sentence with test items which clearly express the speaker’s or narrator’s perspective. Each test item was videotaped in two different versions: In one version, the speaker performed a co-speech gesture in which she enacted the event described by the sentence from a participant’s point of view (i.e. with a character viewpoint gesture). In the other version, she performed a co-speech gesture depicting the event described by the sentence as if it was observed from a distance (i.e. with an observer viewpoint gesture). Both versions of each test item were shown to participants who then had to decide which of the two versions they find more natural. Based on the experimental results we argue that there is no general need for perspective taking on the linguistic level to be aligned with perspective taking on the gestural level. Rather, there is clear preference for the more informative gesture.

A Test Sheet Optimization Approach to Supporting Web-based Learning Diagnosis Using Group Testing Methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Chu-Fu Wang ◽  
Chih-Lung Lin ◽  
Gwo-Jen Hwang ◽  
Sheng-Pin Kung ◽  
Shin-Feng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Test Item ◽  
Group Testing ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Item Exposure ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Doubling Method

Assessment can help teachers to examine the effectiveness of teaching and to diagnose the unfamiliar basic concepts (or attributes) of students within the testing scope. A web-based adaptive testing and diagnostic system can achieve the above objective efficiently and correctly. From a diagnostic point of view, the major concerns are to diagnose whether or not an examinee has learned each basic concept well in the testing scope, while also limiting the number of test items used (the testing length) to as few as possible, which will be directly related to the patience of the examinee. In this paper, we consider a test item selecting optimization diagnostic problem to reveal the mastery profile of an examinee (that is, to diagnose each basic concept's learning status (well learned/unfamiliar) in the testing scope) with a short testing length and a limited test item exposure rate. This paper uses the techniques of Group Testing theory for the design of our test item selecting algorithm. Two test item selecting strategies, the bisecting method and the doubling method, are proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed methods was evaluated by experimental simulations. The results show that both of the proposed algorithms use fewer test items and a limited test item exposure rate compared to the conventional methods.

which challenges him into interpretative activity, into being a solver and realizer of the text rather than just a passive consumer of it. I have subjected the giraffe to such prolonged analysis because it is an emblematic beast. The point I want to stress in this paper is that Heliodoros’ whole novel demands an active interpretative response from his reader. The Aithioptka is a much more challen­ ging read than any of the other Greek novels, precisely because it is pervaded at every level by the kind of self-conscious game-playing typified by the riddle of the giraffe. Here, for instance, is the Egyptian priest, Kalasiris, who acts as narrator for about a third of the whole novel, describing a dream he had on the island of Zakynthos: as I slept, a vision of an old man appeared to me. Age had withered him almost to a skeleton, except that his cloak was hitched up to reveal a thigh that retained some vestige of the strength of his youth. He wore a leather helmet on his head, and his expression was one of cunning and many wiles; he was lame in one leg, as if from a wound of some kind. (5.22.1) The vision reproaches Kalasiris for failing even to pay him a visit while in the vicinity, prophesies punishment for the omission, but conveys greetings from his wife to Kalasiris’ charge, the heroine Charikleja, ‘since she esteems chastity above all things’ (5.22.3). Again a riddle is set up by not immediately identifying the old man, and again the description is presented from the point of view of a character within the story. Here, however, the situation is rather more complicated, since Kalasiris himself has two aspects, as narrator and character within his own narration. As narrator he knows the identity of the dream figure, but in his presentation of his own experience he omits any explanatory gloss, and re-enacts the perplexity of his initial reaction. He describes the dream as he saw it, rather than as he subsequently understood it. Again the reader is challenged to disambiguate the riddle by matching the points of the description with knowledge acquired elsewhere. Every detail corresponds to something in the Homeric poems.4 This time Heliodoros has succeeded in keeping the easiest clues to the end, particularly the formulaic epithet polytropos (‘of many wiles’), proverbially associated with one epic individual, and the reference to a wound in the leg which also clinches its owner’s recognition in the original. Further clues are offered by the fact

2014 ◽  
pp. 320-320
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Game Playing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
As If

Perspective-taking

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Stanghellini
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Therapeutic Goal ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Therapeutic Device

This chapter discusses how perspectivism is the device through which each one of us, who first and foremost sees the world from his point of view, is able to recognize that precisely as just one point of view, and thereby to change it. A healthy mental condition implies the ability to change one’s point of view and temporarily take the perspective of another person. The stronger the reciprocity of perspectives between my former and my present ego, and between my own vantage and the Other’s, the weaker the tendency to perceive my motivations as absolutely necessary. Perspectivism allows me to see myself as not strictly determined by the past and by the involuntary, and may restore a sense of agency. This explains why the reciprocity of perspectives is a therapeutic goal and perspectivism—the attempt to see things from the point of view of the Other—is a therapeutic device.

The eye/I upon the event: a study of narrative voice in Robert Penn Warren's All the King's Men

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Maria Lúcia Barbosa de Vasconcellos
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Narrative Prose ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
King's Men ◽  
The Relationship

This thesis is a study of the relationship between the narrating self and its enunciation in Robert Penn Warren's All the king's men. The concept of point of view is surveyed and discussed and the poetics of narrative is opposed to the poetics of drama, since All the king's men is a novelization of a play by the same author. It is argued that narrative prose allows for a temporal perspective and is thus the adequate genre for the portrayal of man trapped in the complex tensions of time, a major theme of the novel. The narrative discourse is then analyzed through the categories of time, mode and voice, with the narrator's hesitation being examined in terms of function at the linguistic level. Finally, the fragmented and specular pattern of the enunciation is investigated by examining the insertion of the Cass Mastern episode in the narrative. A concluding reflexion focuses on the other voices which permeate the narrator's discourse and confirm the fragmented configuration of the text.

scholarly journals Locura y literatura: La otra mirada

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Elvira Sánchez-Blake
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Critical Consciousness ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cristina Peri Rossi ◽  
As If

Resumen: Locura y literatura son dos temas queaparecen intrínsecamente unidos ya sea por esa fronteraliminal que existe entre el genio y la insensatez o quizápor la necesidad de poner en boca de personajes locosuna verdad peligrosa. La figura del loco se ha convertidoen un símbolo, analogía o parábola que significa unmundo en crisis y, en ocasiones, el espejo y catalizadorde la conciencia crítica de la humanidad. En este ensayose analizan dos textos de escritoras latinoamericanasque se acercan al tema de la locura desde la perspectivafemenina. En ambos textos, la locura ocupa un espaciocentral y tiene como objetivo presentar una realidaddesde una óptica diferente. Se establece así unacorrelación entre locura, mirada y literatura, como sila locura fuera el resultado de aprehender realidadesdesde una mirada alternativa para transmitir un mensajeque cuestiona o redefine una realidad. Las novelas sonLa nave de los locos, de la uruguaya Cristina Peri Rossiy Nadie me verá llorar de la mexicana Cristina RiveraGarza. En ambos casos, la figura del loco o de la locuraservirá como eje para transmitir un cuestionamiento yun desafío con respecto a la norma dictada por lasociedad.Palabras clave: locura, razón y sinrazón, mirada/espejo, novela, perspectiva femenina.Madness and Literature: The Other ViewAbstract: Madness and literature are intrinsicallyconjoined topics defined by that blurred line betweengenius and insanity. The figure of the ‘madman’ or theinsane has become staple symbol, analogy and parableto signify a world in crisis, and at times, the mirror andcatalyst of the critical consciousness of humankind. Inthis paper the concepts of madness and literature areexplored in two contemporary Latin American novelsfrom a feminine point of view. In both texts madness is atthe core and both use insanity to expose an alternateview of reality. Thus, a correlation of madness, literatureand gaze is created as if a particular connection betweensight and madness existed, or as if madness were theresult of being able to apprehend realities from analternative perspective. The two novels are La nave delos locos (1984) by Uruguayan Cristina Peri Rossi, andNadie me verá llorar (1999) by Mexican Cristina RiveraGarza. In both cases the topics of mad and madness willquestion and challenge the norms dictated by society.Key words: madness, reason and unreason, gaze/mirror, novel, feminine point of view.

Parametric Performance of a Class of Standard Discharge Scrolls for Industrial Centrifugal Compressors

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Giachi ◽  
Vidyasagar Ramalingam ◽  
Elisabetta Belardini ◽  
Fabio De Bellis ◽  
Chanukya Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Delivery Time ◽  
Centrifugal Compressors ◽  
Performance Point ◽  
Engineering Solution ◽  
Other Hand

For many reasons, the discharge volute of a centrifugal compressor is becoming more and more critical for the performance of the machine. The most important are the need to reduce the size of the casing and to minimize the delivery time and cost of the compressor. A database of standard geometries represents a good engineering solution to both these requirements. In fact, it is possible, from a mechanical point of view, to design a class of similar volutes to fit different casings and stages. On the other hand, from the performance point of view, very little has been done to describe families of similar scrolls and how the performance of a baseline geometry can be adapted to take into account the differences which exist in the scrolls of the same family. A lot of data are available in literature but they refer to single specific geometries and to optimized individual designs. In this paper, a description of the analysis which has been done to investigate which may be the most convenient parameters to describe the volute performance is presented together with some experimental results which have been used to validate the analysis.

Analyzing the Distractors of Multiple-Choice Test Items or Partitioning Multinomial Cell Probabilities with Respect to a Standard

1981 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1051-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rand R. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Test Item ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Small Probability ◽  
Indifference Zone ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Formal Framework

When analyzing the distractors of multiple-choice test items, it is sometimes desired to determine which of the distractors has a small probability of being chosen by a typical examinee. At present, this problem is handled in an informal manner. In particular, using an arbitrary number of examinees, the probabilities associated with the distractors are estimated and then sorted according to whether the estimated values are above or below a known constant p0 In this paper a more formal framework for solving this problem is described. The first portion of the paper considers the problem from the point of view of designing an experiment. The solution is based on a procedure similar to an indifference zone formulation of a ranking and election problem. A later section considers methods that might be employed in a retrospective study. Brief consideration is also given to how an analysis might proceed when a test item has been altered in some way.

scholarly journals Angle Kamera Subjektif dalam Film “Aku Ada”

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latief Rakhman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Eye Contact ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Camera Angle ◽  
Identification Processes ◽  
As If ◽  
The Way

While watching a movie, the viewers sometimes are get involved to thescreen. The viewers can feel the emotion described in a scene. This is happened due to the projection and imaginary identification processes. The viewers feel as if they have taken part to the scene. However the viewers just passively involved, there is no interaction between the actors/characters and the viewers.A subjective camera angle is the way to invite the viewers to get involvedin the scenes of ‘Aku Ada’ movie. The viewers interact with the actors on that movie through an angle’s point of view variation. The viewers can change the specific actor’s point of view in watching some different events, objects and settings in a scene. Their point of view can also be moved from a certain actor to the other actors, but how if the viewers cannot identify themselves to the movie.This of course can destroy the narrative structure and blur the message delivered by the movie.The originality of the movie “Aku Ada” is to place the viewers to thescenes through a subjective camera angle on the overall shots, and suddenly move the point of view from a certain actor to the others. The viewers will in turn change in involving the act of one actor with the others. This changing of sudden point of view are not be done by the previous movies to be a reference. The application of subjective camera angle in the movie “Aku Ada” can built up the viewer’s interaction to the scenes on the movie. They can project themselves on the movie scenes and can identify themselves to be involved in the movie “Aku Ada” through interaction or eye-contact with the characters on the movie.

Tone 3 in Pekinese

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S-Y. Wang ◽  
Kung-Pu Li
Keyword(s):  
Test Item ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Tone Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pitch Contour ◽  
Tone Sandhi ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Semantic Plausibility

This article treats the problem of tone sandhi in Pekinese phonology in terms of a perception experiment. The various shapes of tone 3 in different environments are illustrated by the use of spectrograms. The issue is whether the tone sequence 3–3 is homophonous with the sequence 2–3. There were 130 pairs of test items. The two members of each pair share the same phonological features except that of pitch contour. In other words, one member carries the tone sequence 2–3 while the other carries 3–3. Each test item was given twice, thus yielding a total of 520 items arranged in random order on a reading list from which tape recordings were made. Upon hearing an item on the tape, a subject is required to identify from each pair of 2–3 and 3–3 test items the member he hears. Should there be a phonemic distinction between the two types of tone sequences, a native speaker should have no difficulty in perceiving them as distinct. Then, it would be expected that the subjects could identify correctly in most cases, and that their responses should be reinforced by other phonetic properties and unbiased by semantic plausibility. However, the results of this experiment led to the opposite conclusion.

Metaphysical Pathos and the Theory of Bureaucracy

1955 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 496-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin W. Gouldner
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Talcott Parsons ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
As If

The conduct of a polemic focusses attention on the differences between two points of view to the neglect of their continuity and convergences. No modern polemic better exemplifies this than the controversy between the proponents of capitalism and of socialism. Each tends to define itself as the antithesis of the other; even the uncommitted bystander, rare though he be, is likely to think of the two as if they were utterly alien systems.There have always been some, however, who have taken exception to this sharp contrast between socialism and capitalism and who have insisted that there are significant similarities between the two. One of these, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim, maintained that socialism like capitalism involved an overbearing preoccupation with economic interests. In both socialist and capitalist societies, Durkheim argued, economic concerns were at the center of attention. In Durkheim's view, neither capitalism nor socialism deemed it necessary to bridle materialistic ends; neither society subordinated pecuniary interests to some higher, governing, moral norms. Therefore, “from Durkheim's point of view,” writes Talcott Parsons, “socialism and laissez-faire individualism are of the same piece.”

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