Metaphysical Pathos and the Theory of Bureaucracy

1955 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 496-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin W. Gouldner
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Talcott Parsons ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
As If

The conduct of a polemic focusses attention on the differences between two points of view to the neglect of their continuity and convergences. No modern polemic better exemplifies this than the controversy between the proponents of capitalism and of socialism. Each tends to define itself as the antithesis of the other; even the uncommitted bystander, rare though he be, is likely to think of the two as if they were utterly alien systems.There have always been some, however, who have taken exception to this sharp contrast between socialism and capitalism and who have insisted that there are significant similarities between the two. One of these, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim, maintained that socialism like capitalism involved an overbearing preoccupation with economic interests. In both socialist and capitalist societies, Durkheim argued, economic concerns were at the center of attention. In Durkheim's view, neither capitalism nor socialism deemed it necessary to bridle materialistic ends; neither society subordinated pecuniary interests to some higher, governing, moral norms. Therefore, “from Durkheim's point of view,” writes Talcott Parsons, “socialism and laissez-faire individualism are of the same piece.”

scholarly journals The system of points of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Guz ◽  
Yulia G. Babicheva
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the work is to explore the point of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories in its systematic and diverse manifestation. Topicality is provided by the exceptional significance of this category in narratology. The study of the point of view based on the material of short stories by Vasily Shukshin has been conducted for the first time. The article briefly traces the history of scientific understanding of the category of point of view in foreign and Russian philology and notes the variety of approaches and definitions in the formulation of the concept. The authors use the classification of Boris Uspenskij for analysis and consider the point of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories in psychological, ideological (evaluative), spatial-temporal and phraseological terms. The positions of Boris Korman, Yuri Lotman, Wolf Schmid and Franz Karl Stanzel also take into account. The authors note the features of Vasily Shukshin's narration that affect the expression of the point of view in the text. Vasily Shukshin's short stories are characterised by a dynamic and frequent change of points of view, which indicates the technique of “montageˮ and similarities in this regard with cinematic techniques. The conclusions generalise the variety of ways and forms of expression of the point of view in the studied artistic material. The point of view in the considered stories is characterised by variability in the correlation of subjects of speech and subjects of consciousness, alternation of external and internal points of view, mutual transitions from one to the other, text interference and other hybrid phenomena.

scholarly journals Support of Road Freight Transport Especially in North-East Part of Schengen Borders

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Romana Hricová
Keyword(s):  
Freight Transport ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
North East ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Road Freight ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Right

Green logistics is very attractive and request the point of view. Many companies try to be “green”, but on the other hand they also must be quick, be in right time in the right place and everything with as low costs as possible. So because of it, they use more road freight transport. Nowadays road freight transport is much expanded as transport companies prefer the possibility to operate just-in-time.  There are several advantages that give road freight transport the first place. Firstly, the truck can be prepared whenever, no matter what time is chosen.  Secondly, the flexibility and no more borders with customs control inside the Schengen Area make freight transport quicker. On the other hand, innovative approaches ask for environmental protection, which becomes one of the most important points of view.  If countries support this environmental friendly transport, this would be reflected in the transport prices which should make rail transport more interesting. Using the methodology in the manuscript was divided to three steps. The first step is to identify relevant questions related to border crossing. Next step is to elaborate a list of border problems, and the last step is an analysis of available data.  

which challenges him into interpretative activity, into being a solver and realizer of the text rather than just a passive consumer of it. I have subjected the giraffe to such prolonged analysis because it is an emblematic beast. The point I want to stress in this paper is that Heliodoros’ whole novel demands an active interpretative response from his reader. The Aithioptka is a much more challen­ ging read than any of the other Greek novels, precisely because it is pervaded at every level by the kind of self-conscious game-playing typified by the riddle of the giraffe. Here, for instance, is the Egyptian priest, Kalasiris, who acts as narrator for about a third of the whole novel, describing a dream he had on the island of Zakynthos: as I slept, a vision of an old man appeared to me. Age had withered him almost to a skeleton, except that his cloak was hitched up to reveal a thigh that retained some vestige of the strength of his youth. He wore a leather helmet on his head, and his expression was one of cunning and many wiles; he was lame in one leg, as if from a wound of some kind. (5.22.1) The vision reproaches Kalasiris for failing even to pay him a visit while in the vicinity, prophesies punishment for the omission, but conveys greetings from his wife to Kalasiris’ charge, the heroine Charikleja, ‘since she esteems chastity above all things’ (5.22.3). Again a riddle is set up by not immediately identifying the old man, and again the description is presented from the point of view of a character within the story. Here, however, the situation is rather more complicated, since Kalasiris himself has two aspects, as narrator and character within his own narration. As narrator he knows the identity of the dream figure, but in his presentation of his own experience he omits any explanatory gloss, and re-enacts the perplexity of his initial reaction. He describes the dream as he saw it, rather than as he subsequently understood it. Again the reader is challenged to disambiguate the riddle by matching the points of the description with knowledge acquired elsewhere. Every detail corresponds to something in the Homeric poems.4 This time Heliodoros has succeeded in keeping the easiest clues to the end, particularly the formulaic epithet polytropos (‘of many wiles’), proverbially associated with one epic individual, and the reference to a wound in the leg which also clinches its owner’s recognition in the original. Further clues are offered by the fact

2014 ◽  
pp. 320-320
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Game Playing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
As If

scholarly journals Reflective Understanding

Wisdom ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 176-202
Author(s):  
John Kekes
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
The Social ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Do So

Reflective understanding involves the evaluation of our personal attitude formed of our changing, often faulty, and frequently conflicting beliefs, emotions, desires, experiences, and evaluations. Their evaluation proceeds from two points of view. One is that of our personal attitude. The other is the point of view of the various modes of evaluations that jointly form the evaluative framework of the context in which we live. Both kinds of evaluations may be faulty. Reflective understanding involves the critical evaluation of the reasons for and against the prevailing social evaluations that follow from our personal attitude and of the reasons for and against our personal attitude that follow from the prevailing social evaluations. The test of the adequacy of our personal attitude is our satisfaction with our life. And the test of social evaluations is the continued long-term allegiance of those who follow the social evaluations, although they need not do so.

scholarly journals On the Interaction of Gestural and Linguistic Perspective Taking

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hinterwimmer ◽  
Umesh Patil ◽  
Cornelia Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Test Item ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
As If

In this paper, we investigate the question of whether and how perspective taking at the linguistic level interacts with perspective taking at the level of co-speech gestures. In an experimental rating study, we compared test items clearly expressing the perspective of an individual participating in the event described by the sentence with test items which clearly express the speaker’s or narrator’s perspective. Each test item was videotaped in two different versions: In one version, the speaker performed a co-speech gesture in which she enacted the event described by the sentence from a participant’s point of view (i.e. with a character viewpoint gesture). In the other version, she performed a co-speech gesture depicting the event described by the sentence as if it was observed from a distance (i.e. with an observer viewpoint gesture). Both versions of each test item were shown to participants who then had to decide which of the two versions they find more natural. Based on the experimental results we argue that there is no general need for perspective taking on the linguistic level to be aligned with perspective taking on the gestural level. Rather, there is clear preference for the more informative gesture.

From Kant to Hegel via Philippe Pinel

Anxiety ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Bettina Bergo
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Empirical Psychology ◽  
The World ◽  
As If

This excursus reviews Kant’s treatment of Affectus and Leidenschafte (affects and passions) in the Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (lectures given over a span of many years). Having argued that empirical psychology was scientifically unfeasible and established his rational psychology as beyond the fictions of dogmatic metaphysicians, Kant could only treat affects from the perspective of practice in the world, like a behaviorism before its time. Nevertheless, his classification of passions ran as if parallel with psychopathologies—ordered according to representations, imagination, judgement, and reason. Building on his 1763 essay “Negative Magnitudes,” the anthropology was profoundly critical of affects, pointing to those “tensions constantly ready to explode,” and requiring vigilance. In sharp contrast, Hegel reintegrated passions into his mature Philosophy of Mind (1813) arguing that inclinations and passions overcame their subjective enclosure thanks to the idea of freedom. He supported his arguments using the French revolutionary psychiatry of Philippe Pinel. Pinel’s original taxonomy had the advantage of being monist; thus different from the binary of neurosis and psychosis, Pinel argued in favor of forms of “mania.” Crucial for Hegel was that even manias with delirium, grouping passions around an idée fixe, an indestructible kernel of rationality endured. This allowed Hegel to claim that freedom and nature were rooted in reason, and although reason might find itself tangled in contradictions it never entirely disappeared. This audacious claim resignified the function of reason as Geistlichkeit (spirituality) apt to integrate psychology into the dialectical movement of mind subjective.

Polyphonic collegiality of points of view in the “poetic composition” by B.A. Uspenskiy

Neophilology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 385-392
Author(s):  
Yuee Guan
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organic Unity ◽  
Relative Independence ◽  
Literary Theories ◽  
National Spirit ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Poetic Composition

We consider the problems of composing a literary text based on the material of texts by B.A. Uspenskiy. It is proved that as a compositional possibility in the formation of a work can be elicit one or many points of view from which the narration in the literary work is conducted on the concept of “polyphonic collegiality”, in the other words, it finds expression both “internal” (with respect to the work) and “external” points of view on how the point of view of collegiality in the text is understood and determined. Collegiality is one of the main characteristics of the Russian national spirit, which has a telling Impact not only on the creative thoughts of Russian writers, but also on the thinking of Russian theorists in the construction of literary theories. It is justified that the poetics of B.A. Uspenskiy's composition is a continuation and development of M.M. Bakhtin's theory, that M.M. Bakhtin's polyphony is only one of the components in the relation of various points of view in ideological terms. According to B.A. Uspenskiy, the composition of literary text is a multidimensional spatial “free and organic unity”, consisting of multifaceted points of view, possessing both their relative independence and interconnected among themselves.

Presuppositions of Religious Dialogue

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-310
Author(s):  
J. N. Chubb
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Dialogue ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Truth Value

I would like to explain the point of view from which this paper is written. And this in itself will be a difficult task. In a religious dialogue we could be concerned in some way with questions which arise as a result of serious differences in doctrines between adherents of different religions or religious faiths. The ensuing debate or dialogue could take the form of an argument conducted from points of view that are distinctly partisan. If two doctrines are or are taken to be in head-on collision with each other by those who accept these doctrines, the holder of one doctrine would argue with the holder of the other doctrine with the object of showing that he is partly or wholly in error. If two statements both claiming to have truth-value are, or are taken to be, inconsistent with each other, then it is clear that one or both of them are or must be taken to be partly or wholly false. To attempt to show by marshalling reasons that the proposition inconsistent with that which one holds is wholly or partly false is what I mean by the partisan approach. The approach in a dialogue is partisan even if truth is claimed and the opposing ‘error’ exposed by reference to authority; for so long as there is to be a dialogue the setting up of a particular authority or of an authority specified in a particular way has to be justified by reasoning or at least a show of reasoning. If reasoning flows from and terminates in an authority without flowing beyond it and around it, so to speak, the fact that that ‘authority’ is not accepted by the other party is sufficient to bring the dialogue to an immediate end, leaving room only for a futile talking at cross purposes.

scholarly journals Locura y literatura: La otra mirada

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Elvira Sánchez-Blake
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Critical Consciousness ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cristina Peri Rossi ◽  
As If

Resumen: Locura y literatura son dos temas queaparecen intrínsecamente unidos ya sea por esa fronteraliminal que existe entre el genio y la insensatez o quizápor la necesidad de poner en boca de personajes locosuna verdad peligrosa. La figura del loco se ha convertidoen un símbolo, analogía o parábola que significa unmundo en crisis y, en ocasiones, el espejo y catalizadorde la conciencia crítica de la humanidad. En este ensayose analizan dos textos de escritoras latinoamericanasque se acercan al tema de la locura desde la perspectivafemenina. En ambos textos, la locura ocupa un espaciocentral y tiene como objetivo presentar una realidaddesde una óptica diferente. Se establece así unacorrelación entre locura, mirada y literatura, como sila locura fuera el resultado de aprehender realidadesdesde una mirada alternativa para transmitir un mensajeque cuestiona o redefine una realidad. Las novelas sonLa nave de los locos, de la uruguaya Cristina Peri Rossiy Nadie me verá llorar de la mexicana Cristina RiveraGarza. En ambos casos, la figura del loco o de la locuraservirá como eje para transmitir un cuestionamiento yun desafío con respecto a la norma dictada por lasociedad.Palabras clave: locura, razón y sinrazón, mirada/espejo, novela, perspectiva femenina.Madness and Literature: The Other ViewAbstract: Madness and literature are intrinsicallyconjoined topics defined by that blurred line betweengenius and insanity. The figure of the ‘madman’ or theinsane has become staple symbol, analogy and parableto signify a world in crisis, and at times, the mirror andcatalyst of the critical consciousness of humankind. Inthis paper the concepts of madness and literature areexplored in two contemporary Latin American novelsfrom a feminine point of view. In both texts madness is atthe core and both use insanity to expose an alternateview of reality. Thus, a correlation of madness, literatureand gaze is created as if a particular connection betweensight and madness existed, or as if madness were theresult of being able to apprehend realities from analternative perspective. The two novels are La nave delos locos (1984) by Uruguayan Cristina Peri Rossi, andNadie me verá llorar (1999) by Mexican Cristina RiveraGarza. In both cases the topics of mad and madness willquestion and challenge the norms dictated by society.Key words: madness, reason and unreason, gaze/mirror, novel, feminine point of view.

scholarly journals Media in the Education of Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Rovena Elmazi ◽  
Ledina Koci
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sports News ◽  
The One ◽  
Living Being

Nowadays media has developed broadly and it consists of several television networks, press, radio, etc. On the one side, such media development has positive impact, but on the other side, it has negative impact which affects education and formation of new generations. As a basketballer and trainer of young ages I will focus in the role of media in the education of children from the sports point of view. Technological and economic development after the ‘90s brought with it a new approach: - unequal broadcasting of television programmes for all the sports disciplines, because in our country, for economic interests, only football is covered and such abuse goes to the point of using the term “sports news” and the only news is about football, or even Albanian sports newspaper in which the only information is about football. Wouldn’t it be better to say “Albanian football” instead?! The contrary one finds in the “Albanian sports” which pages cover all sports. Moreover, such phenomenon has negative impact on the education of generations that increasing are dreaming about football, spend money about football, avoid other alternatives thinking that football is the only way to have a luxury living, being rich and famous.

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