scholarly journals Archaean Plate Tectonics in the North Atlantic Craton of West Greenland Revealed by Well-Exposed Horizontal Crustal Tectonics, Island Arcs and Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite Complexes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Andreas Garde ◽  
Brian Frederick Windley ◽  
Thomas Find Kokfelt ◽  
Nynke Keulen

The 700 km-long North Atlantic Craton (NAC) in West Greenland is arguably the best exposed and most continuous section of Eo-to Neoarchaean crust on Earth. This allows a close and essential correlation between geochemical and isotopic data and primary, well-defined and well-studied geological relationships. The NAC is therefore an excellent and unsurpassed stage for the ongoing controversial discussion about uniformitarian versus non-uniformitarian crustal evolution in the Archaean. The latest research on the geochemistry, structural style, and Hf isotope geochemistry of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) complexes and their intercalated mafic to intermediate volcanic belts strongly supports previous conclusions that the NAC formed by modern-style plate tectonic processes with slab melting of wet basaltic oceanic crust in island arcs and active continental margins. New studies of the lateral tectonic convergence and collision between juvenile belts in the NAC corroborate this interpretation. Nevertheless, it has repeatedly been hypothesised that the Earth’s crust did not develop by modern-style, subhorizontal plate tectonics before 3.0 Ga, but by vertical processes such as crustal sinking and sagduction, and granitic diapirism with associated dome-and-keel structures. Many of these models are based on supposed inverted crustal density relations, with upper Archaean crust dominated by heavy mafic ridge-lavas and island arcs, and lower Archaean crust mostly consisting of felsic, supposedly buoyant TTGs. Some of them stem from older investigations of upper-crustal Archaean greenstone belts particularly in the Dharwar craton, the Slave and Superior provinces and the Barberton belt. These interpreted interactions between these upper and lower crustal rocks are based on the apparent down-dragged greenstone belts that wrap around diapiric granites. However, in the lower crustal section of the NAC, there is no evidence of any low-density granitic diapirs or heavy, downsagged or sagducted greenstone belts. Instead, the NAC contains well-exposed belts of upper crustal, arc-dominant greenstone belts imbricated and intercalated by well-defined thrusts with the protoliths of the now high-grade TTG gneisses, followed by crustal shortening mainly by folding. This shows us that the upper and lower Archaean crustal components did not interact by vertical diapirism, but by subhorizontal inter-thrusting and folding in an ambient, mainly convergent plate tectonic regime.

2016 ◽  
Vol 449 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Szilas ◽  
Jonas Tusch ◽  
J. Elis Hoffmann ◽  
Adam A. Garde ◽  
Carsten Münker

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillips C. Thurston

Greenstone belts are long, curvilinear accumulations of mainly volcanic rocks within Archean granite−greenstone terranes, and are subdivided into two geochemical types: komatiite−tholeiite sequences and bimodal sequences. In rare instances where basement is preserved, the basement is unconformably overlain by platform to rift sequences consisting of quartzite, carbonate, komatiite and/or tholeiite. The komatiite−tholeiite sequences consist of km-scale thicknesses of tholeiites, minor intercalated komatiites, and smaller volumes of felsic volcanic rocks. The bimodal sequences consist of basal tholeiitic flows succeeded upward by lesser volumes of felsic volcanic rocks. The two geochemical types are unconformably overlain by successor basin sequences containing alluvial–fluvial clastic metasedimentary rocks and associated calc-alkaline to alkaline volcanic rocks.   Stratigraphically controlled geochemical sampling in the bimodal sequences has shown the presence of Fe-enrichment cycles in the tholeiites, as well as monotonous thicknesses of tholeiitic flows having nearly constant MgO, which is explained by fractionation and replenishment of the magma chamber with fresh mantle-derived material. Geochemical studies reveal the presence of boninites associated with the komatiites, in part a result of alteration or contamination of the komatiites. Within the bimodal sequences there are rare occurrences of adakites, Nb-enriched basalts and magnesian andesites.    The greenstone belts are engulfed by granitoid batholiths ranging from soda-rich tonalite−trondhjemite−granodiorite to later, more potassic granitoid rocks. Archean greenstone belts exhibit a unique structural style not found in younger orogens, consisting of alternating granitoid-cored domes and volcanic-dominated keels. The synclinal keels are cut by major transcurrent shear zones.   Metamorphic patterns indicate that low pressure metamorphism of the greenstones is centred on the granitoid batholiths, suggesting a central role for the granitoid rocks in metamorphosing the greenstones. Metamorphic patterns also show that the proportion of greenstones in granite−greenstone terranes diminishes with deeper levels of exposure.   Evidence is presented on both sides of the intense controversy as to whether greenstone belts are the product of modern plate tectonic processes complete with subduction, or else the product of other, lateral tectonic processes driven by the ‘mantle wind.’ Given that numerous indicators of plate tectonic processes – structural style, rock types, and geochemical features − are unique to the Archean, it is concluded that the evidence is marginally in favour of non-actualistic tectonic processes in Archean granite−greenstone terranes.RÉSUMÉLes ceintures de roches vertes sont des accumulations longiformes et curvilinéaires, principalement composées de roches volcaniques au sein de terranes granitique archéennes,  et étant subdivisées en deux types géochimiques: des séquences à komatiite–tholéite et des séquences bimodales. En de rares occasions, lorsque le socle est préservé, ce dernier est recouvert en discordance par des séquences de plateforme ou de rift, constituées de quartzite, carbonate, komatiite et/ou de tholéiite. Les séquences de komatiite-tholéiite forment des épaisseurs kilométriques de tholéiite, des horizons mineurs de komatiites, et des volumes de moindre importance de roches volcaniques felsiques. Les séquences bimodales sont constituées à la base, de coulées tholéiitiques surmontées par des volumes mineurs de roches volcaniques felsiques. Ces deux types géochimiques sont recouverts en discordance par des séquences de bassins en succession contenant des roches métasédimentaires clastiques fluvio-alluvionnaires associées à des roches volcaniques calco-alcalines à alcalines.   Un échantillonnage à contrôle stratigraphique des séquences bimodales a révélé la présence de cycles d’enrichissement en Fe dans les tholéiites, ainsi que des épaisseurs continues d’épanchements tholéiitiques ayant des valeurs presque constante en  MgO, qui s’explique par la cristallisation fractionnée et le réapprovisionnement de la chambre magmatique par du matériel mantélique. Les études géochimiques montrent la présence de boninites associées aux komatiites, résultant en partie de l’altération ou de la contamination des komatiites. Au sein des séquences bimodales, on retrouve en de rares occasions des adakites, des basaltes enrichis en Nb et des andésites magnésiennes.   Les ceintures de roches vertes sont englouties dans des batholites granitoïdes de composition passant des tonalites−trondhjémites−granodiorites enrichies en sodium, à des roches granitoïdes tardives plus potassiques. Les ceintures de roches vertes archéennes montrent un style structural unique que l’on ne retrouve pas dans des orogènes plus jeunes, et qui est constitué d’alternances de dômes à cœur granitoïdes et d`affaissements principalement composés de roches volcaniques. Les synclinaux formant les affaissements sont recoupés par de grandes zones de cisaillement.   Les profils métamorphiques indiquent que le métamorphisme de basse pression des roches vertes est centré sur les batholites, indiquant un rôle central des roches granitoïdes durant le métamorphisme des roches vertes. Les profils métamorphiques montrent également que la proportion de roches vertes dans les terranes granitiques diminue avec l’exposition des niveaux plus profonds.   On présente les arguments des deux côtés de l’intense controverse voulant que les ceintures de roches vertes soient le produit de processus moderne de la tectonique des plaques incluant la subduction, ou alors le produit d’autres processus tectoniques découlant du « flux mantélique ». Étant donné la présence des indicateurs des processus de tectonique des plaques – style structural, les types de roches, et les caractéristiques géochimiques – ne se retrouvent qu’à l’Archéen, nous concluons que les indices favorisent légèrement l’option de processus tectoniques non-actuels dans les terranes granitiques de roches vertes à l’Archéen.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Piccolo ◽  
Nicholas Arndt ◽  
Richard White ◽  
Kaus Boris

<p>Slab-pull forces are considered the major driving forces of the present-day plate tectonic. Their efficiency relies on the buoyancy contrast between asthenosphere and subducting plate and on the strength of the latter. Subduction is not only pivotal for understanding the dynamics of plates but also represents the only modern geodynamic setting that produces significant amount of juvenile continental crust and allows exchange between the mantle, lithosphere and atmosphere.</p><p>One of the most important unsolved questions is related to the onset of plate tectonics, which is inherently linked to feasibility of the subduction during the early in Earth history. During the Archean, the mantle potential temperature was higher than nowadays, which promoted extensive mantle melting and possibly a weaker lithosphere. The intense magmatism associated with the high mantle potential temperature generated highly residual lithospheric mantle that was more buoyant than the underlying asthenosphere. Altogether these factors may have inhibited the dynamic effect of slab pull and prevented modern style tectonic during the Archean. However, the Archean mantle potential temperature is still not well constrained, and many of these theoretical considerations have not been fully tested by integrating petrological forward modelling into 3D numerical geodynamic modelling.</p><p>In our contribution, we focus on the feasibility of modern style plate tectonic as a function of the mantle potential temperature and the composition and structure of the lithosphere. We compute representative phase diagrams that represents the composition of mantle lithospheric and its complementary crust as a function of the mantle potential temperature and integrate them into large-scale 3D numerical experiments. The numerical setup is constructed assuming the existence of a set plates interacting with each other. We prescribe the principal plate boundaries and allow the model to spontaneously evolve as function of the thermal ages of the prescribed plate, testing the effect of continental terrains and oceanic plateau on overall geodynamic evolution. The overall goal is to understand the feasibility of plate tectonics at high mantle potential temperature and to estimate the amount of fluid released by the subduction processes, which provide useful insights on the formation of continental crust.</p>


1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1218-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Schenk

The model applies plate-tectonics to explain the geologic evolution of southeastern Atlantic Canada and northwestern Africa. The North Atlantic may have opened and closed several times from the middle Cryptozoic to the present. Closings of the ocean caused collisions between continents and also island arcs. Openings were ragged so that parts of one continent were transposed to the other, and sialic fragments became offshore micro-continents. Africa has progressively lost increments of continental crust to North America.Precambrian blocks of southeastern Atlantic Canada may be remnants of an African shelf. which was crumpled during a billion-year old continental collision (Grenville orogeny). After ragged rifting during the Late Precambrian these fragmentary blocks were carried eastward as micro-continents off Africa. Both early (Danakil Alps of the Red Sea) and late-stage (Canary Islands) recent analogues appear valid. The micro-continents ponded turbidites, which formed rise-complexes off Africa. Continental glaciations in the Late Precambrian and Late Ordovician not only make excellent inter-regional chronostratigraphic units in almost unfossiliferous strata. but also may confirm the African origin of Nova Scotia. Subducting plate-margins increased offshore volcanism and narrowed the Paleozoic Atlantic. Late Paleozoic continental collision again between Africa and North America sandwiched the micro-continent, telescoped the sedimentary/volcanic complexes, and flooded the sutured area with granodiorite. Middle Carboniferous carbonates and sulfates record vestiges of the Paleozoic Atlantic, and mixing of the Euro-African fauna with that of the western Paleozoic Atlantic of the northwestern Appalachians. The Atlantic was closed at least along the latitude of Atlantic Canada and Morocco. During the Mesozoic, an accreting margin uplifted this area, quickened redbed deposition and volcanism, initiated restricted marine sedimentation, and inaugurated the present North Atlantic east of the African remnant of southeastern Atlantic Canada.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document