The effects of different genres of music on passersby

Music preferences reflect both experience and societal or cultural influences. The characteristics of the music genre include both structural style and societal connotations. This study investigated reactions to different types of music. The behavior of passersby was observed as music from two stereotypically “opposite” genres, hip-hop and classical, was played by the researcher while jogging past them. It was hypothesized that due to societal stereotypes and reputations of these genres’ participants would react negatively toward hip-hop and favorably toward classical. As the study was conducted, participants were observed during six different outings over a three-week period. The researcher jogged at the same time of day and over the same route with either hip-hop or classical music playing. Passersby were observed on their facial expressions, any changes in behavior, and their body language to determine their overall reaction to the music, as being “positive”, “negative”, or “neutral.” The results indicate that older passersby responded negatively to hip-hop and positively to classical music. Younger age groups often had opposite reactions. This study provides insight into different populations’ responses to opposite genres of music and how societal stereotypes may have affected these responses.

Impact of mechanical stratification on the structural style of the Lublin Basin, SE Poland: results of seismic interpretation and implications for quantification of deformation within the frontal parts of thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts

We demonstrate how lithological and mechanical stratification of Ediacaran–Carboniferous sedimentary package governs strain partitioning in the Lublin Basin (LB) which was incorporated in the marginal portion of the Variscan fold-and-thrust belt. Based on the geometry of seismic reflectors, the pre-Permian–Mesozoic sedimentary sequence was subdivided into two structural complexes differing in structural style. The lower one reveals forelandward-vergent imbrication, while the upper one comprises fold train, second-order deformations, and multiple local detachments. Lithological composition of the upper structural complex controlled geometry, kinematics, and position of compressional deformations in stratigraphic profile. System of foreland-vergent thrusts which links lower and upper detachment developed due to efficiency of simple shear operating in heterogeneous clastic-carbonate-evaporitic strata of the Lower–Upper Devonian age. Internal homogeneity promoted the formation of conjugate sets of thrusts in Silurian shales and Upper Devonian limestones. Structural seismic interpretation combined with sequential restoration revealed localised thickening of Devonian strata and up to 5% difference in length of Devonian horizons. This mismatch is interpreted as a manifestation of distributed shortening, including layer-parallel shortening (LPS), which operated before or synchronously to the initiation of folding. The amount of distributed strain is comparable with numbers obtained in external parts of other fold-and-thrust belts. The outcomes derived from this study may act as a benchmark for studying variability in a structural style of multilayered sequences which were incorporated in the external portion of other fold-and-thrust belts.

On the formation of the story and novel genres on a contemporary theme in the “historical breakthrough prose” in the first half of the 1930s (from the material of the Adyg literatures)

Рассматриваются жанровые и структурно-стилевые особенности «прозы исторического перелома» на современную тему (повести С. Кожаева «Новь», И. Амирокова «Молодой бригадир», С. Темирова «Радостная жизнь», роман Т. Керашева «Дорога к счастью»). Отмечается общность названных произведений в плане проблематики, конфликта, художественных особенностей и их типологические связи с отечественной литературой. Устанавливаются углубление концепции личности и усиление конфликта в творческих явлениях, что приводит писателей к обращению к более объемным жанровым формам - повести и роману. Сравнительно-типологический метод, используемый в работе, позволяет сделать заключение о том, что движение к различным формам большой прозы значительно обогащает новописьменные литературы в их ускоренном движении к новому этапу. The paper explores the genre and structural-style features of the “historical breakthrough prose” on a contemporary theme (stories by S. Kozhaev “Nov”, I. Amirokov “Young Foreman”, S. Temirov “Joyous Life”, T. Kerashev’s novel “The Way to Happiness"). The authors of this study note the commonality of the named works in terms of problems, conflict, artistic features and their typological connections with Russian literature. The deepening of the concept of personality and the intensification of conflict in creative phenomena lead writers to turn to more voluminous genre forms - the story and the novel. The comparative typological method used in the work makes it possible to conclude that the movement towards various forms of great prose enriches significantly newly written literatures in their accelerated movement to a new stage.

Structural style of the Languedoc Pyrenean thrust belt in relation with the inherited Mesozoic structures and with the rifting of the Gulf of Lion margin, southern France

The “Wilson cycle” involves reactivation of rifting structures during convergence-driven inversion, then thrust reactivation during post-orogenic dismantling and extension. Classic documented examples of the Wilson cycle, such as in the pyrenean orogen, are based on sequential sections normal to the orogen. However oblique convergence/divergence that involves strain partitioning, and arcuate segments of the orogen prevent simple tectonic restorations. Languedoc region (southern France) provides a case study of a complex poly-phased deformation involving a range of reactivated structures and cross-cutting relationships, acquired in response to different stress-regimes of varying orientations. We analyse and correlate the onshore-offshore structures of the Languedoc, based on reassessment of existing and newly acquired subsurface data. New results in the previously poorly documented coastal area point to the existence of unrecognized major structures that improves onshore-offshore correlations. Our results show i) the part played by the Mesozoic (early Jurassic, then mid-Cretaceous) extensional phases in the development and the localization of pyrenean-related contractional structures; ii) the control of the later Oligocene rifting of the Gulf of Lion. Restoration of the Pyrenean shortening and Oligocene rifting, constructed along sections of relevant orientation (i.e. close to perpendicular to each other) indicate minimum shortening of 26 km and extension of 14km, respectively, in the Languedoc foreland. Integration of the Pyrenean structural framework of Languedoc reveals a wide, NE-trending transfer zone linking the Iberian Pyrenees to Provence.

Paleozoic basin reactivation and inversion of the underexplored northern North Sea platforms: a cross-border approach

Well penetrations on the UK East Shetland Platform (ESP) prove 1-8 km thick Devonian post-orogenic extensional collapse-related successions. Conversely, extremely thick (1-6 km) Permo-Triassic basin fills without Devono-Carboniferous units were in the past interpreted west of the Utsira High, on the Norwegian Horda Platform and Stord Basin, albeit Pre-Triassic well penetrations are here very rare. In this work, the nature and age of Paleozoic-Triassic strata and structures in these underexplored platform regions are tentatively constrained by performing cross-border regional seismic interpretation east and west of the Viking Graben.We highlight cross-border analogies in structural style and seismic facies, with a similar evolution dominated by polyphase inversion tectonics and structural grain preservation. In the Norwegian study areas, much of the half-graben sedimentary fills may be interpreted as Devonian-?Carboniferous in age as in the ESP, rather than overly thick Permo-Triassic successions. Major graben-bounding extensional faults are low-angle (∼25-33°), approximately northerly-striking and likely rooting downwards into reactivated Caledonian shear zones. Rifting development occurred in multiple episodes, possibly creating different traps. Prior to Permian-Jurassic rifting, many low-angle Caledonian thrusts were subject to extensional inversion in the Devonian and then to Variscan compressional reactivation, causing vertical extrusion and deformation of Devonian syn-rift wedges.