scholarly journals General Intelligence and Socioeconomic Status as Strong Predictors of Student Performance in Latin American Schools: Evidence From PISA Items

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Flores-Mendoza ◽  
Ruben Ardila ◽  
Miguel Gallegos ◽  
Norma Reategui-Colareta
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Short Version ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Performance Variation ◽  
American Schools ◽  
School Status

Numerous technical—scientific reports have demonstrated that student performance variability is linked to several factors, especially socioeconomic factors. For a century, differential psychology has shown that students’ socioeconomic level has little or no relevance in the explanation of student performance variation when the intellectual factor is considered. Here we present a study on a student samples (N = 1264) aged 13 to 16 yrs, enrolled in 32 schools from five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru). A short version of the PISA test (composed by 16 items) and five cognitive measures were administered, in addition to a socioeconomic questionnaire. Multilevel analysis (marginal models) indicated that general intelligence (g-factor) and socioeconomic school status were robust predictors, and the students’ socioeconomic status very little accounted for the variation in the PISA test. This study concludes that education policy must incorporate individual differences in intelligence, beyond socioeconomic variables, as an important predictor variable in student performance studies.

scholarly journals Low socioeconomic status is associated with self-reported HIV positive status among young MSM in Brazil and Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago S. Torres ◽  
Lara E. Coelho ◽  
Kelika A. Konda ◽  
E. Hamid Vega-Ramirez ◽  
Oliver A. Elorreaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sexual Attraction ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Young Msm

Abstract Background Despite efforts to stop HIV epidemic in Latin America, new HIV cases continue to increase in the region especially among young MSM (YMSM). This study aims to assess if sociodemographic characteristics are associated with self-reported HIV positive status among YMSM from three Latin American countries. Methods Cross-sectional web-based survey advertised on dating apps (Grindr and Hornet) and Facebook in Brazil, Mexico and Peru. For this analysis, we included YMSM aged 18–24 years who self-reported their HIV status. We used multivariable logistic regression models for each country separately to verify if sociodemographic characteristics (race, education and income) were associated with HIV self-reported status after adjusting for behavior characteristics (sexual attraction and steady partner). Results Among 43,687 MSM who initiated the questionnaire, 27,318 (62.5%) reported their HIV status; 7001 (25.6%) of whom were YMSM. Most YMSM (83.4%) reported an HIV test in the past year, and 15.7% reported an HIV positive status in Peru, 8.4% in Mexico and 7.7% in Brazil. In adjusted models, low-income was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status in Brazil (aOR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.01–1.75) and Peru (aOR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.02–2.40), but not in Mexico. Lower education was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status only in Brazil (aOR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.05–1.75). Conclusions In this large, cross-country study, self-reported HIV positive status among YMSM was high. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status in Brazil and Peru. There is an urgent need for HIV prevention interventions targeting YMSM, and efforts to address low-income YMSM are especially needed in Peru and Brazil.

Profile of Medical Education in Latin America

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. García
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Human Resources Development ◽  
Health Manpower ◽  
American Schools ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Health Organization

Preliminary results of a study on medical education in Latin America carried out by the Department of Human Resources Development of the Pan American Health Organization are given in this article. Each of the Latin American schools of medicine existing at the end of 1967 and at the beginning of 1968 was visited by a researcher for approximately seven days. During this period specially prepared questionnaires were completed. An analysis of the data reveals the presence of three types of imbalances: (1) imbalance between the system of secondary education and that of medical education, (2) internal imbalance between the system of higher education and medical education, and (3) imbalance between the system of health services and that of medical education. The study of the data compiled may serve as a basis for the proposal of activities leading to harmonious development of the health manpower sector.

Conclusions

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Gustavo S.J. Morello
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Religious Landscape

This chapter examines what we learn from the religious experience of these Latin American respondents of lower socioeconomic status: religion as a relationship, and Latin American modernity as a construction that leaves room for a religious, spiritual presence. The chapter presents what respondents’ religious practices tell us about religion in general, the idea of religion as a relation, and a portrait of the Latin American religious landscape as “enchanted modernity.”

Protest Issues and Political Inequality in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1299-1323
Author(s):  
Nicolás M. Somma ◽  
Matías Bargsted ◽  
Felipe Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Political Inequality ◽  
Socioeconomic Resources

Many studies reveal that socioeconomic resources increase protest participation, lending more political voice to the affluent and reinforcing preexisting political inequality. But existing studies ignore whether this holds across different protest issues. We argue that some issues reinforce political inequality, while other ones do not. We differentiate between survival protests—in which people react to direct threats to their material and social survival—and furtherance protests—which press authorities to make policy changes that seek to improve some aspect of society. Regression models with Latin American survey data show that people with higher socioeconomic status are overrepresented in furtherance protests, by implication reinforcing preexisting political inequality. However, survival protests attract people socioeconomically similar to national averages, contributing to a more balanced political field. Our results emphasize the need to reconsider the place of issues in the study of protest participation, political inequality, and political behavior in general.

The impact of census-tract socioeconomic status on survival in stage III colon cancer.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7032-7032
Author(s):  
Amina Dhahri ◽  
Jori Lee Kaplan ◽  
Shana Ntiri ◽  
Iman Imanirad ◽  
Seth Felder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
National Database ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Stage Iii Colon Cancer ◽  
Census Tract Level ◽  
The Impact

7032 Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with worse outcomes in stage III colon cancer. However, these studies have used large geographic areas (zip codes or counties) as a proxy for SES which may bias results. To overcome this challenge, we used a national database with census-tract level SES to assess the impact on cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS). Methods: Using the SEER Census-Tract Dataset from 2004-2015, we identified 8th edition AJCC stage III colon adenocarcinoma patients who underwent curative-intent surgery and initiated adjuvant chemotherapy. The predictor variable was census-tract level SES, consisting of 7 variables such as income, housing, and education. SES was analyzed as quartiles. Statistical analysis included chi square tests for association and Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression for survival analysis. Results: We identified 27,222 patients who met inclusion criteria. Lower SES was associated with younger age, Black or Hispanic race/ethnicity, Medicaid or uninsured status, higher T stage, <12 lymph nodes examined and lower grade tumors. Median CSS was not reached; the 25th percentile CSS time was 54 months for the lowest SES (LSES) quartile and 80 months for the highest (HSES). Median OS was 113 months for LSES and not reached for HSES. The 5-year CSS rate was 72.4% for the LSES quartile compared to 78.9% in the HSES (p<0.001). The 5-year OS rate was 66.5% for LSES and 74.6% in the HSES (p<0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, race, insurance, pathologic T and N stage and grade), LSES was associated with increased cancer-specific death relative to the HSES (HR 1.22; 95% CI [1.114-1.327]) Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate CSS and OS in a national cohort of stage III colon cancer patients using a granular, standardized measure of SES. Despite receipt of guideline-based treatment, low SES remained a predictor of increased cancer-specific mortality. These data suggest that investigating treatment barriers beyond adjuvant therapy is needed to address colon cancer survival disparities. [Table: see text]

Media Use and Socioeconomic Status in a Latin American Capital

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Mcnelly ◽  
Paul J. Deutschmann
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Media Use
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document