scholarly journals Low socioeconomic status is associated with self-reported HIV positive status among young MSM in Brazil and Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago S. Torres ◽  
Lara E. Coelho ◽  
Kelika A. Konda ◽  
E. Hamid Vega-Ramirez ◽  
Oliver A. Elorreaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sexual Attraction ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Young Msm

Abstract Background Despite efforts to stop HIV epidemic in Latin America, new HIV cases continue to increase in the region especially among young MSM (YMSM). This study aims to assess if sociodemographic characteristics are associated with self-reported HIV positive status among YMSM from three Latin American countries. Methods Cross-sectional web-based survey advertised on dating apps (Grindr and Hornet) and Facebook in Brazil, Mexico and Peru. For this analysis, we included YMSM aged 18–24 years who self-reported their HIV status. We used multivariable logistic regression models for each country separately to verify if sociodemographic characteristics (race, education and income) were associated with HIV self-reported status after adjusting for behavior characteristics (sexual attraction and steady partner). Results Among 43,687 MSM who initiated the questionnaire, 27,318 (62.5%) reported their HIV status; 7001 (25.6%) of whom were YMSM. Most YMSM (83.4%) reported an HIV test in the past year, and 15.7% reported an HIV positive status in Peru, 8.4% in Mexico and 7.7% in Brazil. In adjusted models, low-income was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status in Brazil (aOR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.01–1.75) and Peru (aOR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.02–2.40), but not in Mexico. Lower education was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status only in Brazil (aOR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.05–1.75). Conclusions In this large, cross-country study, self-reported HIV positive status among YMSM was high. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status in Brazil and Peru. There is an urgent need for HIV prevention interventions targeting YMSM, and efforts to address low-income YMSM are especially needed in Peru and Brazil.

Observational study of the populations accessing rapid point-of-care HIV testing in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, through a retrospective chart review of site records

2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Blain Johnston ◽  
Joss N Reimer ◽  
John L Wylie ◽  
Jared Bullard
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Linkage To Care ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Viral Load Suppression ◽  
Hiv Test

ObjectivesHIV point-of-care testing (POCT) has been available in Manitoba since 2008. This study evaluated the effectiveness of POCT at identifying individuals with previously unknown HIV status, its effects on clinical outcomes and the characteristics of the populations reached.MethodsA retrospective database review was conducted for individuals who received HIV POCT from 2011 to 2014. Time to linkage to care and viral load suppression were compared between individuals who tested positive for HIV using POCT and controls identified as positive through standard screening. Testing outcomes for labouring women with undocumented HIV status accessing POCT during labour were also assessed.Results3204 individuals received POCT (1055 females (32.9%) and 2149 males (67.1%)), being the first recorded HIV test for 2205 (68.8%). Males were more likely to be targeted with POCT as their first recorded HIV test (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.40). Between the two main test sites (Main Street Project (MSP) and Nine Circles Community Health Centre), MSP tested relatively fewer males (AOR 0.79) but a higher proportion of members of all age groups over 30 years old (AOR 1.83, 2.51 and 3.64 for age groups 30–39, 40–49 and >50, respectively). There was no difference in time to linkage to care (p=0.345) or viral load suppression (p=0.405) between the POCT and standard screening cohorts. Of 215 women presenting in labour with unknown HIV status, one was identified as HIV positive.ConclusionsPOCT in Manitoba has been successful at identifying individuals with previously unknown HIV-positive status. Demographic differences between the two main testing sites support that this intervention is reaching unique populations. Given that we observed no significant difference in time to clinical outcomes, it is reasonable to continue using POCT as a targeted intervention.MeSH termsHIV infection; rapid HIV testing; vertical infectious disease transmission; community outreach; service delivery; marginalised populations.

Predictors of Unmet Dental Health Needs in US Adults in 2018: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 238008442110356
Author(s):  
D.J. Gaskin ◽  
H. Zare ◽  
R. McCleary ◽  
O. Kanwar ◽  
A.L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Dental Visit ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dental Needs

Objective: To identify predictors of unmet dental needs for adults 18 y of age or older in the United States. Method: Using the Aday and Andersen framework and data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), we ran logistic regression to estimate predictors for adults of not having a dental visit within 5 y and having lost any teeth using a national sample of 155,060 survey respondents. Results: Results showed that predisposing factors (age, race/ethnicity, gender, and educational attainment) and enabling factors (income and health insurance status) are important predictors for losing teeth due to decay or gum disease. Men, the elderly, and less educated and low-income residents were less likely to have seen a dentist within the past 5 y and more likely to have lost their permanent teeth. Compared to non-Hispanic White adults, Hispanics adults were more likely to have had a dental visit within the past 5 y. Unmet dental needs varied across states. People living in states with extensive Medicaid dental care benefit coverage were less likely to lose their teeth and more likely to have had a dental visit within the past 5 y. Conclusion: Efforts to improve oral health should address unmet dental needs of men and adults with low socioeconomic status. Studying the variation between state oral health care programs could further our understanding of how public policy can improve population oral health. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Men, non-Hispanic Blacks, mixed and other race minorities, and low socioeconomic status adults are most at risk of unmet dental needs. States can address these needs by expanding Medicaid coverage for adults.

Poor person and areal socioeconomic status is associated with increased diabetic retinopathy and visual impairment incidence and progression

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316430
Author(s):  
Jin Rong Low ◽  
Alfred Tau Liang Gan ◽  
Eva K Fenwick ◽  
Preeti Gupta ◽  
Tien Y Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Incidence Risk

BackgroundTo investigate the longitudinal associations between person-level and area-level socioeconomic status (PLSES and ALSES, respectively) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and visual impairment (VI) in Asians with diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsIn this population-based cohort study, we included 468 (39.4%) Malays and 721 (60.6%) Indians with DM, with a mean age (SD) of 58.9 (9.1) years; 50.6% were female and the mean follow-up duration was 6.2 (0.9) years. Individual PLSES parameters (education, monthly income and housing type) were quantified using questionnaires. ALSES was assessed using the Socioeconomic Disadvantage Index derived from Singapore’s 2010 areal census (higher scores indicate greater disadvantage). Incident DR and VI were defined as absent at baseline but present at follow-up, while DR and VI progression were defined as a ≥1 step increase in severity category at follow-up. Modified Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the associations of PLSES and ALSES with incidence and progression of DR and VI, adjusting for relevant confounders.ResultsIn multivariable models, per SD increase in ALSES score was associated with greater DR incidence (risk ratio (95% CI) 1.27 (1.13 to 1.44)), DR progression (1.10 (1.00 to 1.20)) and VI incidence (1.10 (1.04 to 1.16)), while lower PLSES variables were associated with increased DR (low income: 1.68 (1.21 to 2.34)) and VI (low income: 1.44 (1.13 to 1.83); ≤4 room housing: 2.00 (1.57 to 2.54)) incidence.ConclusionsWe found that both PLSES and ALSES variables were independently associated with DR incidence, progression and associated vision loss in Asians. Novel intervention strategies targeted at low socioeconomic status communities to decrease rates of DR and VI are warranted.

Correlates of perceived difficulty in potentially disclosing HIV-positive test results: a study of low-income women attending an urban clinic

Sexual Health ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Crosby ◽  
Elizabeth A. Bonney ◽  
Lydia Odenat
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Intrapersonal Factors ◽  
Hiv Test

Background: The study identified correlates of women’s perception that testing positive for HIV would be very difficult to communicate to friends, family members and sex partners. We also determined whether perceived disclosure difficulty was associated with HIV-testing intent. Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 143 women attending an urgent care centre in Atlanta, Georgia. The centre served primarily low-income or indigent African–American women. A three-item scale (α = 0.81) assessed disclosure difficulty. Assessed correlates included selected social/contextual factors and intrapersonal factors. Results: In controlled multivariate analyses, only the social/contextual factors were associated with HIV disclosure difficulty. Women perceiving an inability to cope with positive results were more likely to report high disclosure difficulty (P = 0.01). Women perceiving an inadequate support system and those believing that HIV would substantially complicate their lives were more likely to anticipate high disclosure difficulty (P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively). Disclosure difficulty was not associated with intent for HIV-testing ‘today’ (P = 0.50) or within the next 12 months (P = 0.27). Conclusion: Findings provide initial evidence suggesting that selected social/contextual factors rather than intrapersonal factors are associated with anticipated disclosure difficulty of HIV-positive test results among low-income minority women, residing in the urban south. High levels of anticipated disclosure difficulty may not preclude HIV test acceptance.

scholarly journals Low Engagement in HIV Services and Progress through the Treatment Cascade among Key Populations Living with HIV in Mozambique: Alarming Gaps in Knowledge of Status

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makini Boothe ◽  
Isabel Sathane ◽  
Cynthia Semá Baltazar ◽  
Noela Chicuecue ◽  
Roberta Horth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Linkage To Care ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Treatment Cascade ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background: Mozambique has a generalized HIV epidemic of 13.5% among the general population. Early modeling exercises in Mozambique estimate that key populations (KPs), defined as men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), and people who inject drugs (PWID), along with their partners account for about one third of all new infections. There is limited data describing the engagement of KP living with HIV in testing, care and treatment services. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of HIV-positive participants in the first Bio-behavioral Surveillance (BBS) surveys in Mozambique conducted 2011-2014 in order to assess service uptake and progress though the HIV treatment cascade among MSM, FSW, and PWID. Unweighted pooled estimates were calculated for each key population group. Results: Among HIV-positive MSM, 63.2% of participants had ever received an HIV test, 8.8% were aware of their status, 6.1% reported having been linked to care, while 3.5% initiated ART and were currently on treatment. Of the HIV-infected FSW participants, 76.5% reported a previous HIV test and 22.4% were previously aware of their status. Linkage to care was reported by 20.1%, while 12.7% reported having initiated ART and 11.8% reported being on treatment at the time of the survey. Among HIV-infected PWID participants, 79.9% had previously received an HIV test, 63.2% were aware of their HIV status, and 49.0% reported being linked to care for their HIV infection. ART initiation was reported by 42.7% of participants, while 29.4% were on ART at the time of the survey. Conclusion: Among the three high risk populations in Mozambique, losses occurred throughout critical areas of service uptake with the most alarming breakpoint occurring at knowledge of HIV status. Special attention should be given to increasing HIV testing and linkage to ART treatment. Future surveys will provide the opportunity to monitor improvements across the cascade in line with global targets and should include viral load testing to guarantee a more complete picture of the treatment cascade.

Public trust in state governments in India: Who are more confident and what makes them confident about the government?

2020 ◽  
pp. 205789111989876
Author(s):  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Bhanu Pratap ◽  
Archana Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
State Government ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
The State ◽  
State Governments ◽  
The Government

Public trust in government is crucial for good governance, encompassing economic and social development of the region in a representative democratic setup. This study uses India Human Development Survey (2004–2005 and 2011–2012) data to examine the changing pattern of household confidence in state governments in India. Using a logit model analysis, we examine how the level of household confidence in the state government changes with households’ socioeconomic status, personal experiences, and benefits received from government programs and direct social benefit schemes. We find that households with a low socioeconomic status (such as Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, and low-income and less educated households) are more likely to trust the state government. In addition, households that have had a positive experience or have received benefits from a government program and/or social scheme are more likely to exhibit high levels of trust in the state government. We also find that residents of less developed states are more likely to have high levels of trust in their state government than residents of highly developed states.

Uneven Neighborhood Recovery: Hurricane Damage and Neighborhood Change in the Houston–Galveston Region since 1970

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K. Wyczalkowski ◽  
Eric J. van Holm ◽  
Ann–Margaret Esnard ◽  
Betty S. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rent Gap Theory

Despite the growing number of natural disasters around the globe, limited research exists on post–disaster patterns of neighborhood change. In this paper, we test two theories of neighborhood change, the “recovery machine” and “rent gap,” which predict opposing effects for low socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods following damage from hurricanes, tropical storms, and other natural hazard events. The recovery machine theory posits that after natural hazard events, local communities experience patterns of recovery based on their pre–disaster SES and access to resources, suggesting that wealthier neighborhoods will recover robustly while lower status neighborhoods languish. In contrast, the rent gap theory suggests that developers will identify a profit opportunity in the depressed values created by damage from natural hazard events, and seek to redevelop low SES areas. We use fixed effects models with census data from 1970 to 2015 to test the impact of damage from natural hazards on neighborhood change. We find substantial recovery and change in low–income neighborhoods, but not in the high–income neighborhoods supporting the rent gap theory. We conclude that natural hazard events resulting in damage produce uneven recovery by socioeconomic status of neighborhoods, potentially leading to displacement of low SES groups.

scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL- AND COMMUNITY-LEVEL DETERMINANTS OF ANTENATAL HIV TESTING IN ZIMBABWE

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Marufu Gazimbi ◽  
Monica Akinyi Magadi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Related Stigma ◽  
Hiv Awareness

SummaryThis study contributes to the dialogue on the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) through the use of HIV and antenatal care (ANC) integrated services. The determinants of antenatal HIV testing in Zimbabwe were explored. Multilevel logistic regression models were applied to data for 8471 women from 406 clusters who gave birth in the 5 years preceding Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2005/6 and 2010/11. The uptake of antenatal HIV testing was found to be determined by a wide range of individual-level factors relating to women’s economic and demographic status, as well as HIV-related factors, including HIV awareness and stigma within the community. Important individual-level enabling and perceived need factors included high socioeconomic status, not having observed HIV-related stigma and knowledge of HIV status (based on a previous HIV test), such that these groups of individuals had a significantly higher likelihood of being tested for HIV during pregnancy than their counterparts of lower socioeconomic status, and who had observed HIV-related stigma or did not know their HIV status. The results further revealed that community HIV awareness is important for improving antenatal HIV testing, while stigma is associated with reduced testing uptake. Most contextual community-level factors were not found to have much effect on the uptake of antenatal HIV testing. Therefore, policies should focus on individual-level predisposing and enabling factors to improve the uptake of antenatal HIV testing in Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Relationship between subjective social status and perceived health among Latin American immigrant women

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1353-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mª Visitación Sanchón-Macias ◽  
Dolores Prieto-Salceda ◽  
Andreu Bover-Bover ◽  
Denise Gastaldo
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Perceived Health ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Macarthur Scale

OBJECTIVE: to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status and subjective social status and explain how subjective social status predicts health in immigrant women. METHODS: cross-sectional study based on data from 371 Latin American women (16-65 years old) from a total of 7,056 registered immigrants accesse through community parthers between 2009-2010. Socioeconomic status was measured through education, income and occupation; subjective social status was measured using the MacArthur Scale, and perceived health, using a Likert scale. RESULTS: a weak correlation between socioeconomic and subjective social status was found. In the bivariate analysis, a significantly higher prevalence of negative perceived health in women with no education, low income, undocumented employment was observed. In the multivariate analysis, higher odds of prevalence of negative perceptions of health in the lower levels of the MacArthur scale were observed. No significant differences with the rest of the variables were found. CONCLUSIONS: the study suggests that subjective social status was a better predictor of health status than the socioeconomic status measurements. Therefore, the use of this measurement may be relevant to the study of health inequalities, particularly in socially disadvantaged groups such as immigrants.

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