scholarly journals Detection of Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 in Plasma and Saliva From Vaccinated and Infected Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéromine Klingler ◽  
Gregory S. Lambert ◽  
Vincenza Itri ◽  
Sean Liu ◽  
Juan C. Bandres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Virus Exposure ◽  
Complement Deposition

Antibodies (Abs) are essential for the host immune response against SARS-CoV-2, and all the vaccines developed so far have been designed to induce Abs targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Many studies have examined Ab responses in the blood from vaccinated and infected individuals. However, since SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus, it is also critical to understand the mucosal Ab responses at the sites of initial virus exposure. Here, we examined plasma versus saliva Ab responses in vaccinated and convalescent patients. Although saliva levels were significantly lower, a strong correlation was observed between plasma and saliva total Ig levels against all SARS-CoV-2 antigens tested. Virus-specific IgG1 responses predominated in both saliva and plasma, while a lower prevalence of IgM and IgA1 Abs was observed in saliva. Antiviral activities of plasma Abs were also studied. Neutralization titers against the initial WA1 (D614G), B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.617.2 (delta) strains were similar but lower against the B.1.351 (beta) strain. Spike-specific antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activities were also detected and the levels correlated with spike-binding Ig titers. Interestingly, while neutralization and ADCP potencies of vaccinated and convalescent groups were comparable, enhanced complement deposition to spike-specific Abs was noted in vaccinated versus convalescent groups and corresponded with higher levels of IgG1 plus IgG3 among the vaccinated individuals. Altogether, this study demonstrates the detection of Ab responses after vaccination or infection in plasma and saliva that correlate significantly, although Ig isotypic differences were noted. The induced plasma Abs displayed Fab-mediated and Fc-dependent functions with comparable neutralization and ADCP potencies, but a greater capacity to activate complement was elicited upon vaccination.

scholarly journals Detection of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in Subunit-Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Pigs using a Nucleocapsid-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. McGinley ◽  
D. L. Todd ◽  
H. T. Hill ◽  
K. B. Platt
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Virus Specific Antibody ◽  
Positive Threshold ◽  
Virus Exposure

The potential of a pseudorabies virus (PRV) nucleocapsid protein (NC)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a screening assay for PRV infection in subunit-vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs was studied. The NC-ELISA compared favorably to a commercial ELISA for detecting PRV infection in nonvaccinated pigs. Virus-specific antibody was first detected by the NC-ELISA between days 14 and 21 in 5 pigs challenged intranasally with 104PFU of virus. Antibody continued to be detected in these pigs through day 42, when the experiment was terminated. The NC-ELISA also detected antibody in 23 of 24 pigs from PRV-infected herds. In contrast, the commercial ELISA detected antibody 1 week earlier than the NC-ELISA in experimentally infected pigs but failed to detect antibody in 3 naturally exposed pigs that were identified by the NC-ELISA. Infection in these animals was confirmed by radioimmunoprecipitation analysis. The potential usefulness of the NC-ELISA for detecting infection in vaccinated pigs was also evaluated. The nucleocapsid-specific antibody responses of 10 PRV envelope glycoprotein subunit-vaccinated pigs were monitored prior to and following nasal exposure to a low dose (1023PFU) of PRV. Sera were collected periodically for 113 days after infection. Nucleocapsid-specific antibody responses measured by the NC-ELISA remained below the positive threshold before challenge but increased dramatically following virus exposure. Maximum ELISA responses were obtained on day 32 postchallenge (p.c.). Mean ELISA responses decreased thereafter but remained well above the positive threshold on day 113 p.c. PRV nucleocapsid protein can be used effectively as antigen in the ELISA for detecting PRV infection in both nonvaccinated and subunit-vaccinated pigs.

scholarly journals The Other Side of the Coin: Anti-inflammatory Antibody Therapy for Infectious Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Viral Neutralization ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT The inflammatory response to the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii plays a central role in the respiratory failure associated with Pneumocystis pneumonia. To help ameliorate the inflammatory response, corticosteroids are used as an adjuvant to standard antimicrobial therapy. Corticosteroids, however, can have a wide range of effects (including deleterious effects) on the host immune response. To date, pathogen-specific antibody therapy has primarily been developed for both its direct antimicrobial activity (e.g., toxin and viral neutralization) and its ability to enhance the antimicrobial activity of the host immune response via effector cells, like macrophages and neutrophils. In this issue of Infection and Immunity, Hoy et al. (Z. Hoy, T. W. Wright, M. Elliott, J. Malone, et al., Infect Immun 88:e00640-19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00640-19) report on a surprising application of Pneumocystis-specific antibody therapy in treating disease by decreasing the inflammatory response. This effect appears to occur as a result of an enhanced phagocytic activity within the lung and an associated alteration in the macrophage phenotype. This study adds insight into our understanding of antibody activity and highlights the possibility of using antibody therapy to limit inflammation for other infectious diseases in which inflammatory damage plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis.

An immunomics approach for the analysis of natural antibody responses to Plasmodium vivax infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2354-2363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Hu Chen ◽  
Shen-Bo Chen ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Chuan Ju ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Vivax Infection ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Natural Antibody

Plasmodiumantigens identified by proteome microarrays provide the clues for understanding host immune response toPlasmodium vivaxinfection.

Co-delivery of antigens and immunostimulants via a polymersome for improvement of antigen-specific immune response

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (26) ◽  
pp. 5620-5626
Author(s):  
Jong-Woo Lim ◽  
Woonsung Na ◽  
Hyun-Ouk Kim ◽  
Minjoo Yeom ◽  
Aram Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Macrophage Activation ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Bilayer spherical polymersome based adjuvants promote the antigen cellular uptake into antigen-presenting cells. The administration of polymersome loading OVA and MPLA induce the secretion of cytokines by macrophage activation and elicit potent antigen-specific antibody responses.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity after infection and antibody response to mRNA-based vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Ciccone ◽  
Deanna R. Zhu ◽  
Rawan Ajeen ◽  
Evans K. Lodge ◽  
Bonnie E. Shook-Sa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Prior Infection

AbstractThe effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on response to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is not well-described. We assessed longitudinal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses pre- and post-vaccination among individuals with and without prior infection. The antibody response to the first vaccine dose was almost two-fold higher in individuals who were seropositive before vaccination compared to those who were seronegative, suggesting that prior infection primes the immune response to the first dose of mRNA-based vaccine.

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