scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity after infection and antibody response to mRNA-based vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Ciccone ◽  
Deanna R. Zhu ◽  
Rawan Ajeen ◽  
Evans K. Lodge ◽  
Bonnie E. Shook-Sa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Prior Infection

AbstractThe effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on response to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is not well-described. We assessed longitudinal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses pre- and post-vaccination among individuals with and without prior infection. The antibody response to the first vaccine dose was almost two-fold higher in individuals who were seropositive before vaccination compared to those who were seronegative, suggesting that prior infection primes the immune response to the first dose of mRNA-based vaccine.

scholarly journals Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses to Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines by previous infection status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W Eyre ◽  
Sheila F Lumley ◽  
Jia Wei ◽  
Stuart Cox ◽  
Tim James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Prior Infection

Objectives We investigate determinants of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG responses in healthcare workers (HCWs) following one or two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech or Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Methods HCWs participating in regular SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody testing were invited for serological testing prior to first and second vaccination, and 4 weeks post-vaccination if receiving a 12-week dosing interval. Quantitative post-vaccination anti-spike antibody responses were measured using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay (detection threshold: ≥50 AU/ml). We used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of seropositivity and generalised additive models to track antibody responses over time. Results Vaccine uptake was 80%, but less in lower-paid roles and Black, south Asian and minority ethnic groups. 3570/3610(98.9%) HCWs were seropositive >14 days post-first vaccination and prior to second vaccination, 2706/2720(99.5%) after Pfizer-BioNTech and 864/890(97.1%) following Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Previously infected and younger HCWs were more likely to test seropositive post-first vaccination, with no evidence of differences by sex or ethnicity. All 470 HCWs tested >14 days after second vaccine were seropositive. Quantitative antibody responses were higher after previous infection: median(IQR) >21 days post-first Pfizer-BioNTech 14,604(7644-22,291) AU/ml vs. 1028(564-1985) AU/ml without prior infection (p<0.001). Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine recipients had lower readings post-first dose compared to Pfizer-BioNTech, with and without previous infection, 10,095(5354-17,096) and 435(203-962) AU/ml respectively (both p<0.001 vs. Pfizer-BioNTech). Antibody responses post-second vaccination were similar to those after prior infection and one vaccine dose. Conclusions Vaccination leads to detectable anti-spike antibodies in nearly all adult HCWs. Whether differences in response impact vaccine efficacy needs further study.

scholarly journals Antibody responses to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: infection-naive individuals with abdominal obesity warrant attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXIS ELIAS MALAVAZOS ◽  
Sara Basilico ◽  
Gianluca Iacobellis ◽  
Valentina Milani ◽  
Rosanna Cardani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Trimeric Complex ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Prior Infection

Objective. The excess of visceral adipose tissue might hinder and delay the immune response. How people with abdominal obesity will respond to mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is yet to be established. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses after the first and second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine comparing the response of individuals affected by abdominal obesity (AO) to those without, discerning between individuals with or without prior infection. Methods. IgG neutralizing antibodies against the Trimeric complex (IgG-TrimericS) were measured at four time points: at baseline, at day 21 after vaccine dose-1, at one month and three months after dose-2. Nucleocapsid antibodies were assessed to detect prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Waist circumference was measured to determine abdominal obesity. Results. Between the first and third month after vaccine dose-2, the drop in IgG-TrimericS levels was more remarkable in individuals with AO compared to those without AO (2.44 fold [95%CI: 2.22-2.63] vs 1.82 fold [95%CI: 1.69-1.92], respectively, p<0.001). Multiple linear regression confirmed this result even when adjusting for possible confounders (p<0.001). Conclusions. Our findings highlight the need to extend the duration of serological monitoring of antibody levels in infection-naive individuals with abdominal obesity, a higher-risk population category in terms of possible weaker antibody response.

scholarly journals Randomized, double-blinded, controlled non-inferiority trials evaluating the immunogenicity and safety of fractional doses of Yellow Fever vaccines in Kenya and Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derick Kimathi ◽  
Aitana Juan ◽  
Philip Bejon ◽  
Rebecca F. Grais ◽  
George M. Warimwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
World Health ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccine ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Link Type

Introduction: Yellow fever is endemic in specific regions of sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas, with recent epidemics occurring on both continents. The yellow fever vaccine is effective, affordable and safe, providing life-long immunity following a single dose vaccination. However, the vaccine production process is slow and cannot be readily scaled up during epidemics. This has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to recommend the use of fractional doses as a dose-sparing strategy during epidemics, but there are no randomized controlled trials of fractional yellow fever vaccine doses in Africa. Methods and analysis: We will recruit healthy adult volunteers, adults living with HIV, and children to a series of randomized controlled trials aiming to determine the immunogenicity and safety of fractional vaccine doses in comparison to the standard vaccine dose. The trials will be conducted across two sites; Kilifi, Kenya and Mbarara, Uganda. Recruited participants will be randomized to receive fractional or standard doses of yellow fever vaccine. Scheduled visits will include blood collection for serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before vaccination and on various days – up to 2 years – post-vaccination. The primary outcome is the rate of seroconversion as measured by the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50) at 28 days post-vaccination. Secondary outcomes include antibody titre changes, longevity of the immune response, safety assessment using clinical data, the nature and magnitude of the cellular immune response and post-vaccination control of viremia by vaccine dose. Ethics and dissemination: The clinical trial protocols have received approval from the relevant institutional ethics and regulatory review committees in Kenya and Uganda, and the WHO Ethics Review Committee. The research findings will be disseminated through open-access publications and presented at relevant conferences and workshops. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02991495 (registered on 13 December 2016) and NCT04059471 (registered on 15 August 2019).

scholarly journals Antibody response to BTN162b2 mRNA vaccination in naïve versus SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects with and without waning immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donato Zipeto ◽  
Luca Dalle Carbonare ◽  
Maria Teresa Valenti ◽  
Zeno Bisoffi ◽  
Chiara Piubelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Serum Neutralization ◽  
Iga Response ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Specific Igg

Abstract We profiled antibody responses in a cohort of recipients of the BTN162b2 mRNA vaccine who were either immunologically naïve (n=50) or had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (n=51). Of the previously infected, 25 and 26 were infected during the first and second pandemic waves in Italy, respectively; the majority of those from the first wave had corresponding waning immunity with low to undetectable levels of anti-S antibodies and low anti-N antibodies. We observed in recipients who had been previously infected that spike-specific IgG and pseudovirus neutralization titers were rapidly recalled by a single vaccine dose to higher levels than those in naïve recipients after the second vaccine dose, irrespective of waning immunity. In all recipients, a single vaccine dose was sufficient to induce a potent IgA response that was not associated with serum neutralization titers.

Interferon activation status underlies higher antibody response to viral antigens in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving no or light treatment

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albin Björk ◽  
Rui Da Silva Rodrigues ◽  
Elina Richardsdotter Andersson ◽  
Jorge I Ramírez Sepúlveda ◽  
Johannes Mofors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Viral Antigens

Abstract Objectives Infections have been proposed as an environmental risk factor for autoimmune disease. Responses to microbial antigens may be studied in vivo during vaccination. We therefore followed patients with SLE and controls during split-virion influenza vaccination to quantify antibody responses against viral antigens and associated cellular and proteome parameters. Methods Blood samples and clinical data were collected from female patients with SLE with no or HCQ and/or low-dose prednisolone treatment (n = 29) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 17). Vaccine-specific antibody titres were measured by ELISA and IFN-induced gene expression in monocytes by quantitative PCR. Serum proteins were measured by proximity extension assay and disease-associated symptoms were followed by questionnaires. Results The vaccine-specific antibody response was significantly higher in patients compared with controls and titres of IgG targeting the viral proteins were higher in patients than controls at both 1 and 3 months after immunization. Clinical disease symptoms and autoantibody titres remained unchanged throughout the study. Notably, a positive pre-vaccination mRNA-based IFN score was associated with a significantly higher vaccine-specific antibody response and with a broader profile of autoantibody specificities. Screening of serum protein biomarkers revealed higher levels of IFN-regulated proteins in patients compared with controls and that levels of such proteins correlated with the vaccine-specific IgG response, with C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 exhibiting the strongest association. Conclusion Augmented antibody responses to viral antigens develop in patients with SLE on no or light treatment and associate with markers of type I IFN system activation at the RNA and protein levels.

scholarly journals Nature and Specificity of the Required Protective Immune Response That Develops Postchallenge in Mice Vaccinated with the 19-Kilodalton Fragment of Plasmodium yoelii Merozoite Surface Protein 1

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 6013-6020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiraprapa Wipasa ◽  
Huji Xu ◽  
Morris Makobongo ◽  
Michelle Gatton ◽  
Anthony Stowers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Plasmodium Yoelii ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein 1

ABSTRACT Immunity induced by the 19-kDa fragment of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) is dependent on high titers of specific antibodies present at the time of challenge and a continuing active immune response postinfection. However, the specificity of the active immune response postinfection has not been defined. In particular, it is not known whether anti-MSP119 antibodies that arise following infection alone are sufficient for protection. We developed systems to investigate whether an MSP119-specific antibody response alone both prechallenge and postchallenge is sufficient for protection. We were able to exclude antibodies with other specificities, as well as any contribution of MSP119-specific CD4+ T cells acting independent of antibody, and we concluded that an immune response focused solely on MSP119-specific antibodies is sufficient for protection. The data imply that the ability of natural infection to boost an MSP119-specific antibody response should greatly improve vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals REGULATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSE BY CELLS EXPRESSING HISTAMINE RECEPTORS

1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 1302-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Shearer ◽  
Kenneth L. Melmon ◽  
Yacob Weinstein ◽  
Michael Sela
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Sheep Erythrocyte ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
A Cell

Spleen cells from immunized and unimmunized mice were either passed over histamine-rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose columns or rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose control columns. The immune response potential of 5 x 106 cells excluded from the two columns were compared with each other, and with an equal number of unfiltered cells by injection of the cell suspensions mixed with sheep erythrocytes into irradiated, syngeneic recipients. The direct and indirect anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell responses generated by the cells passed over the histamine-bead column were significantly greater than the responses resulting from the inocula of unfiltered cells or cells passed over control columns. These results indicate the existence of a cell population expressing surface receptors for histamine, which functions to regulate antibody responses.

scholarly journals Depletion of Complement Has Distinct Effects on the Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses to a Conjugate of Pneumococcal Serotype 14 Capsular Polysaccharide and a T-Cell-Dependent Protein Carrier

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel T. Test ◽  
Joyce K. Mitsuyoshi ◽  
Yong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Protein Carrier ◽  
Dependent Protein

ABSTRACT Complement activation plays a critical role in the immune response to T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent antigens. However, the effect of conjugation of T-cell-dependent protein carriers to T-cell-independent type 2 antigens on the requirement for complement in the humoral immune response to such antigens remains unknown. We studied the role of complement activation on the antibody response of BALB/c mice immunized with the T-cell-independent type 2 antigen serotype 14 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PPS14), either in unmodified form or conjugated to ovalbumin (OVA). In mice immunized with either PPS14 or PPS14-OVA, depletion of endogenous complement at the time of primary immunization by treatment with cobra venom factor (CVF) diminished serum anti-PPS14 concentrations after primary immunization but enhanced antibody responses after secondary immunization. The secondary immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-PPS14 antibody response after immunization with PPS14-OVA was especially enhanced by complement depletion, was observed at doses as low as 0.2 μg of antigen, and was maximal when CVF was administered within 2 days of immunization. The avidity and opsonophagocytic functions of IgG anti-PPS14 antibodies were comparable in mice immunized with PPS14-OVA with or without complement depletion. Serum anti-PPS14 antibody concentrations were near normal, and the enhancing effects of CVF treatment on the secondary anti-PPS14 antibody response were also apparent in splenectomized mice immunized with PPS14-OVA. These results demonstrate that complement activation can have distinct effects on the primary and secondary antibody responses to a T-cell-independent type 2 antigen, either unmodified or conjugated to a T-cell-dependent protein carrier. These differences should be taken into consideration when using complement to modulate the immune response to vaccines.

scholarly journals Robust SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Asian COVID-Naïve Subjects 180 Days after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1241
Author(s):  
Chin-Shern Lau ◽  
Soon Kieng Phua ◽  
Ya-Li Liang ◽  
Helen May-Lin Oh ◽  
Tar-Choon Aw
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Antibody Panel

Background: Subjects with previous COVID-19 have augmented post-vaccination responses. However, the antibody response in COVID-naïve subjects from Southeast Asia is not well known. Methods: 77 COVID-naïve vaccinees were tested with a full antibody panel [spike antibodies (total (T-Ab), IgG, IgM) and neutralizing antibodies (N-Ab)] pre-vaccination, 10 days after dose 1, and 20/40/60/90/120/150/180 days after dose 2. Results: 10 days after dose 1, 67.6% (48/71)/69.0% (49/71) were T-Ab/IgG positive; only 15.5% (11/71)/14.1% (10/71) were N-Ab/IgM positive. While all (100%) subjects had brisk T-Ab, IgG and N-Ab antibody responses 20 days after complete vaccination, only 79.1% (53/67) were IgM positive. At 180 days (n = 8), T-Ab/IgG/N-Ab were still reactive (lowest T-Ab 186 U/mL, IgG 617 AU/mL, N-Ab 0.39 µg/mL), but IgM was negative in all samples. Spike antibody thresholds of T-Ab 74.1 U/mL (r = 0.95) and IgG 916 AU/mL (r = 0.95) corresponded to N-Ab reactivity (>0.3 µg/mL). Non-linear regression analysis showed that N-Ab would decrease to 0.3 µg/mL by 241 days, whereas T-Ab/IgG would need 470/163 days to reach titers of T-Ab/IgG associated with a N-Ab 0.3 µg/mL (76.4 U/mL and 916 AU/mL respectively). Conclusions: The antibody responses of T-Ab, IgG and N-Ab remain high and durable even at 180 days. N-Ab titers are expected to remain reactive up to 241 days post-vaccination.

scholarly journals More rapid, robust and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina E Racine-Brzostek ◽  
Jim Yee ◽  
Ashley Sukhu ◽  
Yuqing Qiu ◽  
Sophie Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Real World ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Antibody Levels

Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine antibody response under real-world conditions. This longitudinal study investigated the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in 846 specimens from 350 subjects: comparing BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals (19 previously diagnosed with COVID-19 [RecoVax]; 49 never been diagnosed [NaiveVax]) to 122 hospitalized unvaccinated (HospNoVax) and 160 outpatient unvaccinated (OutPtNoVax) COVID-19 patients. NaiveVax experienced a delay in generating SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels (TAb) and neutralizing antibodies (SNAb) after the 1st vaccine dose (D1), but a rapid increase in antibody levels was observed after the 2nd dose (D2). However, these never reached the robust levels observed in RecoVax. In fact, NaiveVax TAb and SNAb levels decreased 4-weeks post-D2 (p=0.003;p<0.001). For the most part, RecoVax TAb persisted throughout this study, after reaching maximal levels 2-weeks post-D2; but SNAb decreased significantly ~6-months post-D1 (p=0.002). Although NaiveVax avidity lagged behind that of RecoVax for most of the follow-up periods, NaiveVax did reach similar avidity by ~6-months post-D1. These data suggest that one vaccine dose elicits maximal antibody response in RecoVax and may be sufficient. Also, despite decreasing levels in TAb and SNAb overtime, long-term avidity maybe a measure worth evaluating and possibly correlating to vaccine efficacy.

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