scholarly journals Trypanosoma cruzi Affects Rhodnius prolixus Lipid Metabolism During Acute Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géssica Sousa ◽  
Stephanie Serafim de Carvalho ◽  
Georgia Correa Atella
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Sterol Composition ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Interaction Field

The interaction between Rhodnius prolixus and Trypanosoma cruzi has huge medical importance because it responds to the transmission of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects about eight million people worldwide. It is known that trypanosomatid pathogens depend on active lipid endocytosis from the insect host to meet growth and differentiation requirements. However, until now, knowledge on how the parasite affects the lipid physiology of individual insect organs was largely unknown. Herein, the biochemical and molecular dynamics of the triatomine R. prolixus lipid metabolism in response to T. cruzi acute infection were investigated. A qRT-PCR approach was used to determine the expression profile of 12 protein-coding genes involved in R. prolixus lipid physiology. In addition, microscopic and biochemical assays revealed the lipid droplet profile and the levels of the different identified lipid classes. Finally, spectrometry analyses were used to determine fatty acid and sterol composition and their modulation towards the infection. T. cruzi infection downregulated the transcript levels of protein-coding genes for lipid biosynthetic and degrading pathways in individual triatomine organs. On the other hand, upregulation of lipid receptor transcripts indicates an attempt to capture more lipids from hemolymphatic lipoproteins. Consequently, several lipid classes (such as monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, cholesteryl ester, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine) were involved in the response to the parasite challenge, although modulating only the insect fat body. T. cruzi never leaves the insect gut and yet it modulates non-infected tissues, suggesting that the association between the parasite and the vector organs is reached by cell signaling molecules. This hypothesis raises several intriguing issues to inspire future studies in the parasite-vector interaction field.

scholarly journals Influence of Serratia marcescens and Rhodococcus rhodnii on the Humoral Immunity of Rhodnius prolixus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 10901
Author(s):  
Kate K. S. Batista ◽  
Cecília S. Vieira ◽  
Marcela B. Figueiredo ◽  
Samara G. Costa-Latgé ◽  
Patrícia Azambuja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Phenoloxidase Activity ◽  
Anterior Midgut

Chagas disease is a human infectious disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and can be transmitted by triatomine vectors, such as Rhodnius prolixus. One limiting factor for T. cruzi development is the composition of the bacterial gut microbiota in the triatomine. Herein, we analyzed the humoral immune responses of R. prolixus nymphs treated with antibiotics and subsequently recolonized with either Serratia marcescens or Rhodococcus rhodnii. The treatment with antibiotics reduced the bacterial load in the digestive tract, and the recolonization with each bacterium was successfully detected seven days after treatment. The antibiotic-treated insects, recolonized with S. marcescens, presented reduced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph, and lower nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and higher defensin C gene (DefC) gene expression in the fat body. These insects also presented a higher expression of DefC, lower prolixicin (Prol), and lower NOS levels in the anterior midgut. However, the antibiotic-treated insects recolonized with R. rhodnii had increased antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and lower activity against S. aureus, higher phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph, and lower NOS expression in the fat body. In the anterior midgut, these insects presented higher NOS, defensin A (DefA) and DefC expression, and lower Prol expression. The R. prolixus immune modulation by these two bacteria was observed not only in the midgut, but also systemically in the fat body, and may be crucial for the development and transmission of the parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli.

scholarly journals Studies in search of a suitable experimental insect model for xenodiagnosis of hosts with Chagas' disease: 3 - On the interaction of vector species and parasite strain in the reaction of bugs to infection by Trypanosoma cruzi

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 390-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Perlowagora-Szumlewicz ◽  
Carlos Alberto Muller ◽  
Carlos José de Carvalho Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Parasite Strain ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Panstrongylus Megistus ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Triatoma Sordida

The reaction of nine vector species of Chagas' disease to infection by seven different Trypanosoma cruzi strains; Berenice, Y, FL, CL, S. Felipe, Colombiana and Gávea, are examined and compared. On the basis of the insects' ability to establish and maintain the infection, vector species could be divided into two distinct groups which differ in their reaction to an acute infection by T. cruzi. While the proportion of positive bugs was found to be low in Triatoma infestans and Triatoma dimidiata it was high, ranging from 96.9% to 100% in the group of wild (Rhodnius neglectus, Triatoma rubrovaria)and essentially sylvatic vectors in process of adaptation to human dwellings, maintained under control following successful insecticidal elimination of Triatoma infestans (Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma sordida and Triatoma pseudomaculata). An intermediate position is held by Triatoma brasiliensis and Rhodnius prolixus. This latter has been found to interchange between domestic and sylvatic environments. The most important finding is the strikingly good reaction between each species of the sylvatic bugs and practically all T. cruzi strains herein studied, thus indicating that the factors responsible for the excellent reaction of P.megistus to infection by Y strain, as previously reported also come into operation in the reaction of the same vector species to acute infections by five of the remaining T.cruzi strains. Comparison or data reported by other investigators with those herein described form the basis of the discussion of Dipetalogaster maximus as regards its superiority as a xenodiagnostic agent.

scholarly journals Open chromatin analysis in Trypanosoma cruzi life forms highlights critical differences in genomic compartments and developmental regulation at tDNA loci

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex RJ Lima ◽  
Saloe B Poubel ◽  
Juliana N Roson ◽  
Loyze PO de Lima ◽  
Hellida M Costa-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Expression Regulation ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Posttranscriptional Control ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
The Impact

Background: Genomic organization and gene expression regulation in trypanosomes are remarkable because protein-coding genes are organized into codirectional gene clusters with unrelated functions. Moreover, there is no dedicated promoter for each gene, resulting in polycistronic gene transcription, with posttranscriptional control playing a major role. Nonetheless, these parasites harbor epigenetic modifications at critical regulatory genome features that dynamically change among parasite stages, which are not fully understood. Results: Here, we investigated the impact of chromatin changes in a scenario commanded by posttranscriptional control exploring the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and its differentiation program using genome-wide approaches supported by transmission electron microscopy. The integration of FAIRE and MNase-seq data, two complementary epigenomic approaches, enabled us to identify differences in T. cruzi genome compartments, putative transcriptional start regions and virulence factors. In addition, we also detected developmental chromatin regulation at tRNA loci (tDNA), which seems to be linked to the translation regulatory mechanism required for parasite differentiation. Strikingly, a positive correlation was observed between active chromatin and steady-state transcription levels. Conclusion: Taken together, our results indicate that chromatin changes reflect the unusual gene expression regulation of trypanosomes and the differences among parasite developmental stages, even in the context of a lack of canonical transcriptional control of protein-coding genes.

scholarly journals Open Chromatin Analysis in Trypanosoma Cruzi Life Forms Highlights Critical Differences in Genomic Compartments and Developmental Regulation at tDNA Loci

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex RJ Lima ◽  
Saloe B Poubel ◽  
Juliana N Rosón ◽  
Loyze PO de Lima ◽  
Hellida M Costa-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Expression Regulation ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Posttranscriptional Control ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Genomic organization and gene expression regulation in trypanosomes are remarkable because protein-coding genes are organized into codirectional gene clusters with unrelated functions. Moreover, there is no dedicated promoter for each gene, resulting in polycistronic gene transcription, with posttranscriptional control playing a major role. Nonetheless, these parasites harbor epigenetic modifications at critical regulatory genome features that dynamically change among parasite stages, which are not fully understood. Results: Here, we investigated the impact of chromatin changes in a scenario commanded by posttranscriptional control exploring the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and its differentiation program using genome-wide approaches supported by transmission electron microscopy. The integration of FAIRE and MNase-seq data, two complementary epigenomic approaches, enabled us to identify differences in T. cruzi genome compartments, putative transcriptional start regions and virulence factors. In addition, we also detected developmental chromatin regulation at tRNA loci (tDNA), which seems to be linked to the translation regulatory mechanism required for parasite differentiation. Strikingly, a positive correlation was observed between active chromatin and steady-state transcription levels. Conclusion: Taken together, our results indicate that chromatin changes reflect the unusual gene expression regulation of trypanosomes and the differences among parasite developmental stages, even in the context of a lack of canonical transcriptional control of protein-coding genes.

scholarly journals Global investigation of estrogen-responsive genes regulating lipid metabolism in the liver of laying hens

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junxiao Ren ◽  
Weihua Tian ◽  
Keren Jiang ◽  
Zhang Wang ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Chicken Liver ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Chip Sequencing ◽  
Functional Sites ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
A Genome

Abstract Background Estrogen plays an essential role in female development and reproductive function. In chickens, estrogen is critical for lipid metabolism in the liver. The regulatory molecular network of estrogen in chicken liver is poorly understood. To identify estrogen-responsive genes and estrogen functional sites on a genome-wide scale, we determined expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs in estrogen-treated ((17β-estradiol)) and control chicken livers using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and studied the estrogen receptor α binding sites by ChIP-Sequencing (ChIP-Seq). Results We identified a total of 990 estrogen-responsive genes, including 962 protein-coding genes, 11 miRNAs, and 17 lncRNAs. Functional enrichment analyses showed that the estrogen-responsive genes were highly enriched in lipid metabolism and biological processes. Integrated analysis of the data of RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq, identified 191 genes directly targeted by estrogen, including 185 protein-coding genes, 4 miRNAs, and 2 lncRNAs. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that estrogen decreased the mRNA expression of PPARGC1B, which had been reported to be linked with lipid metabolism, by directly increasing the expression of miR-144-3p. Conclusions These results increase our understanding of the functional network of estrogen in chicken liver and also reveal aspects of the molecular mechanism of estrogen-related lipid metabolism.

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