scholarly journals Radiometry on Argo Floats: From the Multispectral State-of-the-Art on the Step to Hyperspectral Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahlem Jemai ◽  
Jochen Wollschläger ◽  
Daniela Voß ◽  
Oliver Zielinski
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Underwater Light Field ◽  
Argo Floats ◽  
Optical Modeling ◽  
Current State ◽  
Visible Part ◽  
20 Nm

Over the past two decades, robotic technology such as Argo floats have revolutionized operational autonomous measurement of the oceans. Recently, Biogeochemical Argo floats (BGC-Argo floats) have measured optical and biogeochemical quantities down to a depth of 2,000 m. Among these parameters, are measurements of the underwater light field from which apparent optical properties (AOPs), such as the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance Kd(λ), can be derived. Presently, multispectral observations are available on this platform at three wavelengths (with 10–20 nm bandwidths) in the ultraviolet and visible part of the spectrum plus the Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR; integrated radiation between 400 and 700 nm). This article reviews studies dealing with these radiometric observations and presents the current state-of-the-art in Argo radiometry. It focus on the successful portability of radiometers onboard Argo float platforms and covers applications of the obtained data for bio-optical modeling and ocean color remote sensing. Generating already high-quality datasets in the existing configuration, the BGC-Argo program must now investigate the potential to incorporate hyperspectral technology. The possibility to acquire hyperspectral information and the subsequent development of new algorithms that exploit these data will open new opportunities for bio-optical long-term studies of global ocean processes, but also present new challenges to handle and process increased amounts of data.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Challenges on the Laboratory Detection of Lupus Anticoagulant

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 844
Author(s):  
Armando Tripodi
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Anticoagulant ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
External Quality Assessment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
External Quality ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Current State ◽  
Clinical Laboratories

Lupus anticoagulant (LA) is one of the three laboratory parameters (the others being antibodies to either cardiolipin or β2-glycoprotein I) which defines the rare but potentially devastating condition known as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Testing for LA is a challenging task for the clinical laboratory because specific tests for its detection are not available. However, proper LA detection is paramount for patients’ management, as its persistent positivity in the presence of (previous or current) thrombotic events, candidate for long term anticoagulation. Guidelines for LA detection have been established and updated over the last two decades. Implementation of these guidelines across laboratories and participation to external quality assessment schemes are required to help standardize the diagnostic procedures and help clinicians for appropriate management of APS. This article aims to review the current state of the art and the challenges that clinical laboratories incur in the detection of LA.

Advanced Laser Diode Cooling Concepts

2008 ◽  
Vol 1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Feeler ◽  
Jeremy Junghans ◽  
Edward Stephens ◽  
Greg Kemner ◽  
Fred Barlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Diode ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Power Laser ◽  
Current State ◽  
Laser Diode Arrays ◽  
High Power Laser Diode ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTA new, patent-pending method of cooling high-power laser diode arrays has been developed which leverages advances in several areas of materials science and manufacturing. This method utilizes multi-layer ceramic microchannel coolers with small (100's of microns) integral water channels to cool the laser diode bar. This approach is similar to the current state-of-the-art method of cooling laser diode bars with copper microchannel coolers. However, the multi-layer ceramic coolers offer many advantages over the copper coolers, including reliability and manufacturing flexibility. The ceramic coolers do not require the use of deionized water as is mandatory of high-thermal-performance copper coolers.Experimental and modeled data is presented that demonstrates thermal performance equal to or better than copper microchannel coolers that are commercially available. Results of long-term, high-flow tests are also presented to demonstrate the resistance of the ceramic coolers to erosion. The materials selected for these coolers allow for the laser diode bars to be mounted using eutectic AuSn solder. This approach allows for maximum solder bond integrity over the life of the part.

Reservoir Simulation: Past, Present, and Future

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Simulation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current State ◽  
Reservoir Development ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
The Right

Abstract Reservoir simulation is a mature technology, and nearly all major reservoir development decisions are based in some way on simulation results. Despite this maturity, the technology is changing rapidly. It is important for both providers and users of reservoir simulation software to understand where this change is leading. This paper takes a long-term view of reservoir simulation, describing where it has been and where it is now. It closes with a prediction of what the reservoir simulation state of the art will be in 2007 and speculation regarding certain aspects of simulation in 2017. Introduction Today, input from reservoir simulation is used in nearly all major reservoir development decisions. This has come about in part through technology improvements that make it easier to simulate reservoirs on one hand and possible to simulate them more realistically on the other; however, although reservoir simulation has come a long way from its beginnings in the 1950's, substantial further improvement is needed, and this is stimulating continual change in how simulation is performed. Given that this change is occurring, both developers and users of simulation have an interest in understanding where it is leading. Obviously, developers of new simulation capabilities need this understanding in order to keep their products relevant and competitive. However, people that use simulation also need this understanding; how else can they be confident that the organizations that provide their simulators are keeping up with advancing technology and moving in the right direction? In order to understand where we are going, it is helpful to know where we have been. Thus, this paper begins with a discussion of historical developments in reservoir simulation. Then it briefly describes the current state of the art in terms of how simulation is performed today. Finally, it closes with some general predictions.

Use of Fresh Osteochondral Allografts in the Patellofemoral Joint

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kremser ◽  
Burak Altintas ◽  
Christian Lattermann
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Osteochondral Allograft ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Chondral Defects ◽  
Current State ◽  
Fresh Osteochondral Allograft

AbstractFresh osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation has become a mainstay for the treatment of osteochondral defects in the tibiofemoral joint. With excellent outcomes and high survival times, this technology has recently become more interesting for use in the patellofemoral (PF) joint. This review article will point out the historical difficulties that the use of fresh OCA poses. With newer surgical approaches and a better understanding of the mechanical requirements of the PF joint, the use of OCA transplantation has shown increasingly better results. Illustrating the technique for the preparation and implantation of single plug allografts and bulk allografts to the trochlea and patella as well as the analysis of the available literature, we point out the current state of the art as well as potentially achievable long-term results. Finally, we will point out emerging technology seeking to further develop the use of allograft technology in patellofemoral chondral defects.

Design and Preliminary Evaluation of a Novel Brace for Boutonniere Deformity

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Rentschler ◽  
Scott A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Repair ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Extensor Mechanism ◽  
Patient Comfort ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Test Results ◽  
New Device ◽  
Current State

Boutonniere deformities are a common injury to the extensor mechanism of the finger. The deformity results in fixed contraction in the middle finger joint and is severely debilitating to functionality. Due to the complexity of the extensor mechanism, surgical repair is difficult, which usually requires multiple procedures, and in some cases is unsuccessful. Nonsurgical treatment of the deformity has not dramatically improved in many years and usually requires long-term use of braces and physical therapy. This work is focused on design and preliminary evaluation of an improved boutonniere brace to correct the deformity with emphasis on lower costs, integrating therapeutic techniques such as heat and motion to increase blood flow and patient comfort. A review of the current state of the art is presented along with the design approach used to develop an improved device. Experimental test results are also presented. This work demonstrates a new device and approach for treatment of boutonniere deformities that may translate to treatment of other conditions such as arthritis.

Doing digital humanities today: what does it take? A view from the NEH

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Bobley
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Digital Humanities ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
National Endowment ◽  
Current State

What does it take to do good digital humanities work nowadays? What counts as solid work? What counts as cutting-edge? Projects involving cultural-heritage data and serving long-term scholarly goals have often illuminated issues in the management of information. The Director of the Office of Digital Humanities at the National Endowment for the Humanities tells us about the current state of the art in digital humanities: what trends are visible in the field, and what tradeoffs face those working in this field.

The Oxford Handbook of Gossip and Reputation

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Comprehensive Collection ◽  
Current State ◽  
Industrial Societies

Reputations can make or break citizens, communities, or companies. Reputations matter for individual careers, for one’s chances of finding a partner, for a profession’s credibility, or for the value of a firm’s stock options – to name but a few. The key mechanism for the creation, maintenance, and destruction of reputations in everyday life is gossip – evaluative talk about absent third parties. Reputation and gossip are inseparably intertwined, but up until now have been mostly studied in isolation. The present Handbook closes this gap, drawing on cutting edge insights from a multitude of disciplines, ranging from psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology and economics to philosophy, neurobiology and computer science. Being the first integrated and comprehensive collection of studies on both phenomena, each of the 25 chapters explores the current state of the art on the antecedents, processes and outcomes of the gossip-reputation link in contexts as diverse as online markets, non-industrial societies, modern firms, social networks, or schools. The volume is organized into seven parts, each of them devoted to the exploration of a different facet of gossip and reputation. Highly international in scope, the volume brings together some of the most eminent experts on gossip and reputation. Their contributions do not only help us to better understand the complex interplay between two of society’s most delicate social mechanisms. By pointing to new problems and a newly emerging cross-disciplinary solutions, the book also sketches the contours of a long term research agenda.

scholarly journals Interactive Digital Serious Games for the Assessment, Rehabilitation, and Prediction of Dementia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Kazmi ◽  
Hassan Ugail ◽  
Valerie Lesk ◽  
Ian Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Serious Games ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Severe Adverse Effect ◽  
Brain Training ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Conventional Tests ◽  
Research Grade

Dementia is a serious, progressive, and often debilitating illness with no known cure, having a severe adverse effect on memory, behaviour, reasoning, and communication. A comprehensive review of current refereed research material in the use of games in this area is scarce and suffers from being orientated towards commercially available games or derivatives such as “Dr. Kawashima’s brain training.” There is much lesser concern for bespoke research grade alternatives. This review will attempt to assess the current state of the art in research orientated games for dementia, importantly identifying systems capable of prediction before the onset of the disease. It can be ascertained from the literature reviewed that there are clearly a large number of interactive computer game based mechanisms used for dementia. However, these are each highly intrusive in terms of affecting normal living and the patient is aware of being tested; furthermore their long-term or real benefits are unknown as is their effect over conventional tests. It is important to predict cognitive impairment at a stage early enough to maximise benefit from treatment and therapeutic intervention. Considering the availability, use, and increasing power of modern mobile smartphones, it is logically plausible to explore this platform for dementia healthcare.

scholarly journals Stable Abiotic Production of Ammonia from Nitrate in Komatiite-Hosted Hydrothermal Systems in the Hadean and Archean Oceans

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Manabu Nishizawa ◽  
Takuya Saito ◽  
Akiko Makabe ◽  
Hisahiro Ueda ◽  
Masafumi Saitoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Chemosynthetic Ecosystems ◽  
Global Surface ◽  
Ammonia Flux ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

Abiotic fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia is important in prebiotic chemistry and biological evolution in the Hadean and Archean oceans. Though it is widely accepted that nitrate (NO3−) was generated in the early atmospheres, the stable pathways of ammonia production from nitrate deposited in the early oceans remain unknown. This paper reports results of the first experiments simulating high-temperature, high-pressure reactions between nitrate and komatiite to find probable chemical pathways to deliver ammonia to the vent–ocean interface of komatiite-hosted hydrothermal systems and the global ocean on geological timescales. The fluid chemistry and mineralogy of the komatiite–H2O–NO3− system show iron-mediated production of ammonia from nitrate with yields of 10% at 250 °C and 350 °C, 500 bars. The komatiite–H2O–NO3– system also generated H2-rich and alkaline fluids, well-known prerequisites for prebiotic and primordial metabolisms, at lower temperatures than the komatiite–H2O–CO2 system. We estimate the ammonia flux from the komatiite-hosted systems to be 105–1010 mol/y in the early oceans. If the nitrate concentration in the early oceans was greater than 10 μmol/kg, the long-term production of ammonia through thermochemical nitrate reduction for the first billion years might have allowed the subsequent development of an early biosphere in the global surface ocean. Our results imply that komatiite-hosted systems might have impacted not only H2-based chemosynthetic ecosystems at the vent-ocean interface but also photosynthetic ecosystems on the early Earth.

Ambulatory Monitoring of Daily Voice Use

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Hillman ◽  
Daryush D. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Ambulatory Monitoring ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Vocal Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
Voice Use ◽  
Insight Into

Many common voice disorders are chronic or recurring conditions likely to result from faulty and/or abusive patterns of vocal behavior. Such behaviorally based disorders can be difficult to assess accurately in the clinical setting and potentially could be much better characterized by long-term ambulatory monitoring of vocal function as individuals engage in their typical daily activities. Ambulatory monitoring also could provide new insight into the actual role of voice use in common disorders and missing quantitative data on what constitutes normal levels of daily voice use for different groups of individuals, activities, and occupations. This report describes the motivation, previous development efforts, current state-of-the-art technology, and future directions in ambulatory monitoring of voice use.

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