scholarly journals Comparison of the Humphrey Field Analyzer and Photopic Negative Response of Focal Macular Electroretinograms in the Evaluation of the Relationship Between Macula Structure and Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyuki Hirooka ◽  
Kenji Yokoyama ◽  
Kana Tokumo ◽  
Yoshiaki Kiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Retinal Layer ◽  
Negative Wave ◽  
Humphrey Field Analyzer ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: To investigate the association between macular inner retinal layer thickness and macula visual field (VF) mean deviation as measured by the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) or macular function as measured by focal macular electroretinograms (ERGs) in patients with glaucoma.Methods: The participants in this cross-sectional study were 71 patients with glaucoma and 10 healthy controls. Macular inner retinal layer thickness and function were measured in all participants using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and HFA or focal macular ERGs, respectively. Macular OCT images were segmented into the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), macular ganglion cell layer/inner plexiform layer (GCL/IPL), and ganglion cell complex (GCC). Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between macular inner retinal layer thickness and function.Results: Focal macular ERGs were composed of a negative wave (N1), a positive wave (P1), and a slow negative wave (N2). The N2 response density was significantly reduced in eyes with glaucoma, and was significantly associated with the thickness of the mRNFL (R = 0.317), GCL/IPL (R = 0.372), or GCC (R = 0.367). The observed structure–function relationship was also significantly correlated with the HFA VF mean deviation for each thickness [mRNFL (R = 0.728), GCL/IPL (R = 0.603), or GCC (R = 0.754)].Conclusions: Although a significant correlation was found between the N2 response density and the thickness of the macular inner layer, the observed structure–function relationship with the mean deviation of the HFA VF was higher than that of the N2 response density.

scholarly journals Network-based approaches to quantify multicellular development

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (135) ◽  
pp. 20170484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. B. Jackson ◽  
Salva Duran-Nebreda ◽  
George W. Bassel
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Cellular Interaction ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Multicellular Development ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Multicellularity and cellular cooperation confer novel functions on organs following a structure–function relationship. How regulated cell migration, division and differentiation events generate cellular arrangements has been investigated, providing insight into the regulation of genetically encoded patterning processes. Much less is known about the higher-order properties of cellular organization within organs, and how their functional coordination through global spatial relations shape and constrain organ function. Key questions to be addressed include: why are cells organized in the way they are? What is the significance of the patterns of cellular organization selected for by evolution? What other configurations are possible? These may be addressed through a combination of global cellular interaction mapping and network science to uncover the relationship between organ structure and function. Using this approach, global cellular organization can be discretized and analysed, providing a quantitative framework to explore developmental processes. Each of the local and global properties of integrated multicellular systems can be analysed and compared across different tissues and models in discrete terms. Advances in high-resolution microscopy and image analysis continue to make cellular interaction mapping possible in an increasing variety of biological systems and tissues, broadening the further potential application of this approach. Understanding the higher-order properties of complex cellular assemblies provides the opportunity to explore the evolution and constraints of cell organization, establishing structure–function relationships that can guide future organ design.

Structure–Function Relationship in Glaucoma Using Ganglion Cell–Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness Measurements

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 3883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsha L. Rao ◽  
Muhammad Qasim ◽  
Raza S. M. Hussain ◽  
Manideepak Januwada ◽  
Lalitha N. Pillutla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Structure Function Relationship ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Thickness Measurements

scholarly journals Identifying ligand-binding specificity of the oligopeptide receptor OppA from Bifidobacterium longum KACC91563 by Structure-based molecular modeling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Ha Chai ◽  
Young Ran Kim ◽  
Jun-Sang Ham ◽  
Tae-Hun Kim ◽  
Dajeong Lim
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Modeling ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Peptide Binding ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Host Organism ◽  
Specialized Structure ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: The OppA receptor as a ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter plays key roles in protecting host organism and transport nutrients across the intestine by the oligopeptide transporter from symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Among lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium longum KACC91563, isolated from fecal samples of healthy Korean neonates, has the capability to alleviate food allergy effects. The extracellular OppA receptor from gram-positive Bifidobacterium longum KACC91563 translocate nutrients-peptides from the outside environment of intestinal tract to the inside of the symbiotic cell, as a peptide importer. Hence, it was attempting to explicate the relationship between the substrate’s specificity from the OppA importer and the probiotic effects of B. logum KACC91563 in the host intestine. The probiotic effects of B. logum KACC91563 were attributed to the enhancement of the epithelial barrier by several different strain sepcific ways to prevent the strong adhesion of pathogens. The specialized structure-function relationship from the OppA importer could provide the abstract of substrate specificity into unique immunological properties of that the host organism.Results: In the study, we characterized the extracellular OppA importer from B. longum KACC91563 of intestinal microbiome by various protein structure-based modelings in silico. Structural characterization by conserved 5 patches and 4 functional motifs from specific trace residues of the OppA importer. The hydrate surface of the binding site had been decipted by specific trace residues of the OppA that trace residues of Thr58, Lys185, Trp443, and Tyr447, which were characterized in highly exposed hydrophobic binding pocket by its aggregation prones. Therefore, the spatial aggregation propensity in the binding site of the extracellular OppA importer plays a vital role in the specific interaction determinant for peptide binding. In addition, alanine mutation energy values allowed for the virtual determination of the relationships between the energy effects of the peptide binding site mutation on the transporter structural stability, the peptide binding affinity, and the transporter-related peptide substrate selectivity from OppA importer. In particular, distinctive seven pharmacophoric features comprised of two H-bonding donor(P1), three H-bonding acceptor(P8), and two hydrophobic points (P5 and P8) matched the the OppA receptor-peptide ligand interactions within their binding pocket structure. There are distinct interactions to fix the positions of the N(P1) and C(P8) termini of the complex of OppA-peptide from B. longum KACC91563 such as side chain-specific interactions with the OppA, compared to that of the Lactococcus latis (L. lactics) OppA.Conclusions: The specialized structure-function relationship from the OppA import could provide the abstract of substrate specificity into unique immunological properties of the host organism by stucutre-based molecular modeling. In the current study, we attempted explication of the relationship between the substrate’s specificity from the OppA importer and the probiotic effects of B. longum KACC91563 in the host intestine based on the structure-function perspectives of the OppA importer. Moreover, functional characterization of solute-binding proteins (such as 15 cell wall proteins and 20 extracellular proteins) on the B. longum KACC91563 genome will lead to insight of key switch for substate’s metabolism into reprogramming immune responses in the host intestine.

From Machine and Tape to Structure and Function: Formulation of a Reflexively Computing System

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Salzberg
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Computing System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Static Information ◽  
Biochemical Systems ◽  
Uniform Medium ◽  
Simple Mapping ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
And Function

The relationship between structure and function is explored via a system of labeled directed graph structures upon which a single elementary read/write rule is applied locally. Boundaries between static (information-carrying) and active (information-processing) objects, imposed by mandate of the rules or physics in earlier models, emerge instead as a result of a structure-function dynamic that is reflexive: objects may operate directly on their own structure. A representation of an arbitrary Turing machine is reproduced in terms of structural constraints by means of a simple mapping from tape squares and machine states to a uniform medium of nodes and links, establishing computation universality. Exploiting flexibility of the formulation, examples of other unconventional “self-computing” structures are demonstrated. A straightforward representation of a kinematic machine system based on the model devised by Laing is also reproduced in detail. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of their relation to other formal models of computation and construction. It is argued that reflexivity of the structure-function relationship is a critical informational dynamic in biochemical systems, overlooked in previous models but well captured by the proposed formulation.

scholarly journals Independent modes of ganglion cell translocation ensure correct lamination of the zebrafish retina

2016 ◽  
Vol 215 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Icha ◽  
Christiane Kunath ◽  
Mauricio Rocha-Martins ◽  
Caren Norden
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Retinal Layer ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Layer Formation ◽  
Neuronal Connectivity ◽  
Light Sheet Microscopy ◽  
And Function

The arrangement of neurons into distinct layers is critical for neuronal connectivity and function. During development, most neurons move from their birthplace to the appropriate layer, where they polarize. However, kinetics and modes of many neuronal translocation events still await exploration. In this study, we investigate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) translocation across the embryonic zebrafish retina. After completing their translocation, RGCs establish the most basal retinal layer where they form the optic nerve. Using in toto light sheet microscopy, we show that somal translocation of RGCs is a fast and directed event. It depends on basal process attachment and stabilized microtubules. Interestingly, interference with somal translocation induces a switch to multipolar migration. This multipolar mode is less efficient but still leads to successful RGC layer formation. When both modes are inhibited though, RGCs fail to translocate and induce lamination defects. This indicates that correct RGC translocation is crucial for subsequent retinal lamination.

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