scholarly journals Population Diversity, Dynamics, and Differentiation of Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici From 2010 to 2017 and Comparison With 1968 to 2009 in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Bai ◽  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Meinan Wang ◽  
Deven R. See ◽  
Xianming Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
The West ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Diversity Dynamics

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a serious disease on wheat in the United States, especially after 2000. In the present study, 2,247 Pst isolates collected over all stripe rust epidemiological regions in the United States from 2010 to 2017 were genotyped at 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci to investigate the population diversity, dynamics, and differentiation. A total of 1,454 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected. In general, the populations in the west (regions 1–6) had more MLGs and higher diversities than the populations in the east (regions 7–12). The populations of 2010 and 2011 were more different from the other years. Genetic variation was higher among years than among regions, indicating the fast changes of the population. The divergence (Gst) was bigger between the west population and east population than among regions within either the west or east population. Gene flow was stronger among the regional populations in the east than in the west. Clustering analyses revealed 3 major molecular groups (MGs) and 10 sub-MGs by combining the genotypic data of 2010–2017 isolates with those of 1968–2009. MG1 contained both 1968–2009 isolates (23.1%) and 2010–2017 isolates (76.9%). MG2 had 99.4% of isolates from 1968–2009. MG3, which was the most recent and distinct group, had 99.1% of isolates from 2010–2017. Of the 10 sub-MGs, 5 (MG1-3, MG1-5, MG3-2, MG3-3, and MG3-4) were detected only from 2011 to 2017. The SSR genotypes had a moderate, but significant correlation (r = 0.325; p < 0.0001) with the virulence phenotype data. The standard index values of association (rbarD = 0.11) based on either regional or yearly populations suggest clonal reproduction. This study indicated high diversity, fast dynamics, and various levels of differentiation of the Pst population over the years and among epidemiological regions, and the results should be useful for managing wheat stripe rust.

scholarly journals Race Characterization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Cause of Wheat Stripe Rust, in Saskatchewan and Southern Alberta, Canada and Virulence Comparison with Races from the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1744-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Brar ◽  
H. R. Kutcher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Virulence Frequency

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, has been common across Saskatchewan, Canada since 2000. Fifty-nine isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, the majority of which were collected between 2011 and 2013 from Saskatchewan and southern Alberta, were analyzed for virulence frequency and diversity and compared with isolates characterized in the Pacific Northwest and Great Plains regions of the United States. In all, 31 wheat differentials, including 20 near-isogenic lines and 1 triticale variety, differentiated 59 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates into 33 races, of which one race, C-PST-1, represented 31% of the isolates. None of the races were virulent on Yr5, Yr15, or YrSP. Virulence frequency ranged from 65 to 98% on YrA, Yr2, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27, Yr29, Yr32, YrSu, ‘Heines VII’, and ‘Nord Deprez’. Race C-PST-6 was virulent on the greatest number of the differentials (n = 25) and C-PST-18 on the fewest (n = 14). Discriminant analysis of principal components and multivariate cluster analyses detected three and four major groups, respectively, which differed from each other in terms of virulence spectrum and year of collection. The diversity of the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population in southern Alberta was greater than in Saskatchewan, which indicated that, although P. striiformis f. sp. tritici is primarily windborne over great distances and does not usually overwinter, there are detectable differences in virulence between these regions of western Canada. Comparative analyses of virulence frequency of Saskatchewan or southern Alberta isolates with isolates representing races from the Great Plains and the Pacific Northwest of the United States indicated greater similarity of Saskatchewan races to the Great Plains despite strong correlations with both parts of the United States. This suggests that the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population in Saskatchewan is a mixture of inoculum from both parts of the United States.

Comparative virulence phenotypes and molecular genotypes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the wheat stripe rust pathogen in China and the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gangming Zhan ◽  
Xianming Chen ◽  
Zhensheng Kang ◽  
Lili Huang ◽  
Meinan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
Rust Pathogen

scholarly journals Wheat Stripe Rust Epidemics and Races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the United States in 2000

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianming Chen ◽  
Mary Moore ◽  
Eugene A. Milus ◽  
David L. Long ◽  
Roland F. Line ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stripe Rust Resistance ◽  
The South ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
South Central ◽  
New Races

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is most destructive in the western United States and has become increasingly important in the south-central states. The disease has been monitored by collaborators through field surveys and in disease nurseries throughout the United States. In the year 2000, stripe rust occurred in more than 20 states throughout the country, which was the most widespread occurrence in recorded history. Although fungicide applications in many states reduced yield losses, the disease caused multimillion dollar losses in the United States, especially in Arkansas and California. One of the prevalent cultivars, RSI 5, had a yield loss of about 50% in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region of California. In the Pacific Northwest, wheat losses due to stripe rust were minimal because cultivars with durable resistance were widely grown and the weather in May 2000 was not favorable for the disease. To identify races of the pathogen, stripe rust collections from 20 states across the United States were analyzed on 20 wheat differential cultivars, including Clement (Yr9, YrCle), Compair (Yr8, Yr19), and the Yr8 and Yr9 near-isogenic lines. In 2000, 21 previously identified races and 21 new races were identified. Of the 21 new races, 8 were pathotypes with combinations of virulences previously known to exist in the United States, and 13 had virulences to one or more of the lines Yr8, Yr9, Clement, or Compair. This is the first report of virulence to Yr8 and Yr9 in the United States. Most of the new races were also virulent on Express. Races that are virulent on Express have been identified in California since 1998. The races virulent on Yr8, Yr9, and Express were widely distributed in California and states east of the Rocky Mountains in 2000. The epidemic in 2000 demonstrates that increased efforts to breed for stripe rust resistance are needed in California, the south-central states, and some other states in the Great Plains. Diversification of resistance genes and use of durable resistance should prevent large-scale and severe epidemics.

scholarly journals Virulence Characterization of Wheat Stripe Rust Fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Ethiopia and Evaluation of Ethiopian Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Races of the Pathogen from Ethiopia and the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Kebede T. Muleta ◽  
Habtemariam Zegeye ◽  
Bekele Hundie ◽  
Michael O. Pumphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Additional Information

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat in Ethiopia. In total, 97 isolates were recovered from stripe rust samples collected in Ethiopia in 2013 and 2014. These isolates were tested on a set of 18 Yr single-gene differentials for characterization of races and 7 supplementary differentials for additional information of virulence. Of 18 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races identified, the 5 most predominant races were PSTv-105 (21.7%), PSTv-106 (17.5%), PSTv-107 (11.3%), PSTv-76 (10.3%), and PSTv-41 (6.2%). High frequencies (>40%) were detected for virulence to resistance genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, Yr27, Yr28, Yr31, Yr43, Yr44, YrExp2, and YrA. Low frequencies (<40%) were detected for virulence to Yr10, Yr24, Yr32, YrTr1, Hybrid 46, and Vilmorin 23. None of the isolates were virulent to Yr5, Yr15, YrSP, and YrTye. Among the six collection regions, Arsi Robe and Tiyo had the highest virulence diversities, followed by Bekoji, while Bale and Holeta had the lowest. Evaluation of 178 Ethiopian wheat cultivars and landraces with two of the Ethiopian races and three races from the United States indicated that the Ethiopian races were more virulent on the germplasm than the predominant races of the United States. Thirteen wheat cultivars or landraces that were resistant or moderately resistant to all five tested races should be useful for breeding wheat cultivars with resistance to stripe rust in both countries.

scholarly journals Virulence Characterization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Using a New Set of Yr Single-Gene Line Differentials in the United States in 2010

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1534-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Xianming Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici causes stripe rust (yellow rust) of wheat and is highly variable in virulence toward wheat with race-specific resistance. During 2010, wheat stripe rust was the most widespread in the recorded history of the United States, resulting in large-scale application of fungicides and substantial yield loss. A new differential set with 18 yellow rust (Yr) single-gene lines was established and used to differentiate races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, which were named as race PSTv in distinction from the PST races identified in the past. An octal system was used to describe the virulence and avirulence patterns of the PSTv races. From 348 viable P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates recovered from a total of 381 wheat and grass stripe rust samples collected in 24 states, 41 races, named PSTv-1 to PSTv-41, were identified using the new set of 18 Yr single-gene differentials, and their equivalent PST race names were determined on the previous set of 20 wheat cultivar differentials. The frequencies and distributions of the races and their virulences were determined. The five most predominant races were PSTv-37 (34.5%), PSTv-11 (17.5%), PSTv-14 (7.2%), PSTv-36 (5.2%), and PSTv-34 (4.9%). PSTv-37 was distributed throughout the country while PSTv-11 and PSTv-14 were almost restricted to states west of the Rocky Mountains. The races had virulence to 0 to 13 of the 18 Yr genes. Frequencies of virulences toward resistance genes Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr27, Yr43, Yr44, YrTr1, and YrExp2 were high (67.0 to 93.7%); those to Yr1 (32.8%) and YrTye (31.3%) were moderate; and those to Yr10, Yr24, Yr32, and YrSP were low (3.4 to 5.7%). All of the isolates were avirulent to Yr5 and Yr15.

Genotyping Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Isolates with SSR and SP-SNP Markers Reveals Dynamics of the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen in the United States from 1968 to 2009 and Identifies Avirulence Associated Markers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinglan Liu ◽  
Qing Bai ◽  
Meinan Wang ◽  
Yuxiang Li ◽  
Anmin Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Avirulence Genes ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
The Us

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a devastating disease of wheat in the United States. The fungal pathogen can rapidly evolve, producing new virulent races infecting previously resistant cultivars and genotypes adapting to different environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term population dynamics of Pst in the US. Through genotyping 1,083 isolates of 1968 to 2009 using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 92 secreted protein single nucleotide polymorphism (SP-SNP) markers, 614 and 945 genotypes were detected, respectively. In general, the two types of markers produced consistent genetic relationships among the Pst populations over the 40 years. The prior 2000 and 2000-2009 populations were significantly different, and the latter showed higher genotypic diversity and higher heterozygosity than the former populations. Clustering analyses using genotypes of either SSR and SP-SNP markers revealed three molecular groups (MGs), of which MG1 and MG2 existed in both the prior 2000 and 2000-2009 populations while MG3 mainly emerged in 2000 to 2009. Some of the isolates in the period of 2000-2009 formed individual clusters, suggesting exotic incursions; whereas other isolates of the same period were clustered together with prior-2000 isolates, indicating that they were developed from the previously established populations. The data suggest the co-existence of newly introduced populations with established populations in the United States. Twenty SP-SNP markers were significantly associated to individual avirulence genes. The results are useful for developing more accurate monitoring systems and provides guidance for the disease management.

scholarly journals Races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the United States in 2011 and 2012 and Comparison with Races in 2010

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 966-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Xianming Chen ◽  
Jonathan Yuen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Low Frequencies

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases on wheat in the United States. In 2011, severe wheat stripe rust caused extensive application of fungicides in the western United States, and the disease was more widespread and caused more yield loss in the eastern United States in 2012. In this study, we characterized virulences and identified races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici by testing the stripe rust samples collected throughout the United States in 2011 and 2012 on a set of 18 Yr single-gene differentials. In 2011, 35 races were identified from 349 viable samples collected from 19 states of the United States and Ontario province of Canada, with PSTv-11 (35.5%), PSTv-37 (12.6%), PSTv-14 (11.8%), PSTv-4 (5.4%), and PSTv-34 (3.4%) as the top five predominant races. In 2012, 23 races were identified from 341 viable samples collected from 24 states of the United States and Ontario of Canada, with PSTv-37 (47.5%), PSTv-11 (11.7%), PSTv-14 (10.0%), PSTv-52 (9.4%), and PSTv-48 (4.4%) as the top five predominant races. Nationally, PSTv-37, PSTv-52, and PSTv-34 were most widely distributed, while PSTv-11, PSTv-14, PSTv-4, and PSTv-48 were mostly detected in the western United States. High frequencies (>80%) were detected for virulences to Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr27, Yr44, and YrExp2; moderate frequencies (20 to 80%) for virulences to Yr1, Yr43, YrTr1, and YrTye; low frequencies (<10%) for virulences to Yr10, Yr24, Yr32, and YrSP; and virulences to Yr5 and Yr15 were not detected, indicating that these two genes are still effective against the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population in the United States. Both positive and negative associations were identified between some of the virulences. In total, 55 races identified from 2010 to 2012 in the United States were clustered into two major virulence groups, and dynamics of predominant races and virulence frequencies for the 3 years were presented and discussed. This information is useful for making decisions when screening wheat germplasm for developing stripe-rust-resistant wheat cultivars and managing the disease by growing cultivars with adequate and durable resistance. The severe epidemics and the occurrence of the large number of races in the 3 years indicate that efforts should be made to use diverse resistance genes, especially to combine effective all-stage resistance genes with genes for high-temperature adult-plant resistance.

scholarly journals Virulence Characterization of International Collections of the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sharma-Poudyal ◽  
X. M. Chen ◽  
A. M. Wan ◽  
G. M. Zhan ◽  
Z. S. Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
Important Disease

Wheat stripe rust (yellow rust [Yr]), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an economically important disease of wheat worldwide. Virulence information on P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations is important to implement effective disease control with resistant cultivars. In total, 235 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from Algeria, Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Hungary, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Spain, Turkey, and Uzbekistan were tested on 20 single Yr-gene lines and the 20 wheat genotypes that are used to differentiate P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races in the United States. The 235 isolates were identified as 129 virulence patterns on the single-gene lines and 169 virulence patterns on the U.S. differentials. Virulences to YrA, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, YrUkn, Yr28, Yr31, YrExp2, Lemhi (Yr21), Paha (YrPa1, YrPa2, YrPa3), Druchamp (Yr3a, YrD, YrDru), Produra (YrPr1, YrPr2), Stephens (Yr3a, YrS, YrSte), Lee (Yr7, Yr22, Yr23), Fielder (Yr6, Yr20), Tyee (YrTye), Tres (YrTr1, YrTr2), Express (YrExp1, YrExp2), Clement (Yr9, YrCle), and Compair (Yr8, Yr19) were detected in all countries. At least 80% of the isolates were virulent on YrA, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr17, YrUkn, Yr31, YrExp2, Yr21, Stephens (Yr3a, YrS, YrSte), Lee (Yr7, Yr22, Yr23), and Fielder (Yr6, Yr20). Virulences to Yr1, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27, Yr28, Heines VII (Yr2, YrHVII), Paha (YrPa1, YrPa2, YrPa3), Druchamp (Yr3a, YrD, YrDru), Produra (YrPr1, YrPr2), Yamhill (Yr2, Yr4a, YrYam), Tyee (YrTye), Tres (YrTr1, YrTr2), Hyak (Yr17, YrTye), Express (YrExp1, YrExp2), Clement (Yr9, YrCle), and Compair (Yr8, Yr19) were moderately frequent (>20 to <80%). Virulence to Yr10, Yr24, Yr32, YrSP, and Moro (Yr10, YrMor) was low (≤20%). Virulence to Moro was absent in Algeria, Australia, Canada, Kenya, Russia, Spain, Turkey, and China, but 5% of the Chinese isolates were virulent to Yr10. None of the isolates from Algeria, Canada, China, Kenya, Russia, and Spain was virulent to Yr24; none of the isolates from Algeria, Australia, Canada, Nepal, Russia, and Spain was virulent to Yr32; none of the isolates from Australia, Canada, Chile, Hungary, Kenya, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, and Spain was virulent to YrSP; and none of the isolates from any country was virulent to Yr5 and Yr15. Although the frequencies of virulence factors were different, most of the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from these countries shared common virulence factors. The virulences and their frequencies and distributions should be useful in breeding stripe-rust-resistant wheat cultivars and understanding the pathogen migration and evolution.

scholarly journals Changes of Races and Virulence Genes in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen, in the United States from 1968 to 2009

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 1522-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinglan Liu ◽  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Dengcai Liu ◽  
Xianming Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
New Races ◽  
Serious Disease

Stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a serious disease of wheat in the world. The obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen changes its virulence rapidly, which can circumvent resistance in wheat cultivars and cause severe epidemics. Because P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races have been identified in the United States using different wheat genotypes in different time periods, it is difficult to make direct comparisons of the current population with historical populations. The objective of this study was to characterize historical populations with 18 Yr single-gene lines that are currently used to differentiate P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races in order to understand virulence and race changes of the pathogen over 40 years in the United States. From 908 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates collected from 1968 to 2009 in the United States, 171 races were identified and their frequencies were determined. More races, more new races, and races with more virulence genes were detected since the year 2000 than prior to 2000. None of the races were virulent to Yr5 and Yr15, indicating that these genes have been effective since the late 1960s. Virulence genes to the remaining 16 Yr genes were detected in different periods, and most of them increased in frequency over time. Some virulence genes such as those to Yr17, Yr27, Yr32, Yr43, Yr44, YrTr1, and YrExp2 appeared 14 to 37 years earlier than previously reported, indicating the greater value of using Yr single-gene lines as differentials. Positive and negative associations were detected between virulence genes. The continual information on virulence and races in the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations is useful for understanding the evolution of the pathogen and for breeding wheat cultivars with effective resistance to stripe rust.

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