scholarly journals An Electromyographic Analysis of the Effects of Cognitive Fatigue on Online and Anticipatory Action Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mick Salomone ◽  
Boris Burle ◽  
Ludovic Fabre ◽  
Bruno Berberian
Keyword(s):  
Simon Task ◽  
Online Control ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Anticipatory Control ◽  
Cognitive Fatigue ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Electromyographic Analysis ◽  
Over Time

Cognitive fatigue is a problem for the safety of critical systems (e.g., aircraft) as it can lead to accidents, especially during unexpected events. In order to determine the extent to which it disrupts adaptive capabilities, we evaluated its effect on online and anticipatory control. Despite numerous studies conducted to determine its effects, the exact mechanism(s) affected by fatigue remains to be clarified. In this study, we used distribution and electromyographic analysis to assess whether cognitive fatigue increases the capture of the incorrect automatic response or if it impairs its suppression (online control), and whether the conflict adaptation effect is reduced (anticipatory control). To this end, we evaluated the evolution of the performance over time during the Simon task, a classic conflict task that elicits incorrect automatic responses. To accentuate the presence of fatigue during the Simon task, two groups previously performed a dual-task with two different cognitive load levels to create two different levels of fatigue. The results revealed that time on task impaired online control by disrupting the capacity to suppress the incorrect response but leaving unaffected the expression of the automatic response. Furthermore, participants emphasized speed rather than accuracy with time on task, with in addition more fast guesses, suggesting that they opted for a less effortful response strategy. As the implementation of the suppression mechanism requires cognitive effort, the conjunction of these results suggests that the deficits observed may be due to disengagement of effort over time rather than reflecting an incapacity to make an effort.

Time-on-task effect in trait anhedonia

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Dubal ◽  
Roland Jouvent
Keyword(s):  
Response Competition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Task Effect ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Physical Anhedonia ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe capacity to sustain attention was explored in a sample of anhedonic subjects according to the Chapman physical anhedonia scale. Sustained attention was determined by studying task-induced changes over the duration of the Eriksen response competition task [Percept. Psychophys. 16 (1974) 143]. Anhedonic subjects had longer reaction times (RTs), but missed no more targets than control subjects. Anhedonic subject RTs got longer with time-on-task (TOT) and displayed greater intra-subject variability. These results confirm those of a previous study indicating that anhedonic subjects may have developed a more conservative response strategy [Psychophysiology 37 (2000) 711] and suggest that this strategy may result in a more rapid decrease in energetical resources. Moreover, the greater intra-subject variability demonstrates the importance of assessing performance over time and its relationship to the variability of responses in the cognitive performance of anhedonic subjects.

scholarly journals During Vigilance to Painful Stimuli: Slower Response Rate Related to High Trait Anxiety, whereas a Faster Response Rate is related to High State Anxiety

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J Meeker ◽  
Nichole M. Emerson ◽  
Jui-Hong Chien ◽  
Mark I. Saffer ◽  
Oscar Joseph Bienvenu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Lower Response Rate ◽  
State And Trait Anxiety ◽  
High Trait ◽  
High Trait Anxiety ◽  
Over Time

A pathological increase in vigilance, or hypervigilance, may be related to pain intensity in some clinical pain syndromes and may result from attention bias to salient stimuli mediated by anxiety. During a continuous performance task where subjects discriminated painful target stimuli from painful nontargets, we measured detected targets (hits), nondetected targets (misses), nondetected nontargets (correct rejections), and detected nontargets (false alarms). Using signal detection theory, we calculated response bias, the tendency to endorse a stimulus as a target, and discriminability, the ability to discriminate a target from nontarget. Due to the relatively slow rate of stimulus presentation our primary hypothesis was that sustained performance would result in a more conservative response bias reflecting a lower response rate over time on task. We found a more conservative response bias with time on task and no change in discriminability. We predicted that greater state and trait anxiety would lead to a more liberal response bias. A multivariable model provided partial support for our prediction; high trait anxiety related to a more conservative response bias (lower response rate), while high state anxiety related to a more liberal bias. This inverse relationship of state and trait anxiety is consistent with reports of effects of state and trait anxiety on reaction times to threatening stimuli. In sum, we report that sustained attention to painful stimuli was associated with a decrease in the tendency of the subject to respond to any stimulus over time on task, while the ability to discriminate target from nontarget is unchanged.

On the time-course of automatic response activation in the Simon task

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Ellinghaus ◽  
Matthias Karlbauer ◽  
Karin M. Bausenhart ◽  
Rolf Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Response Activation

scholarly journals A Multiagent Planning Approach for Cooperative Patrolling with Non-Stationary Adversaries

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 1760018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Beynier
Keyword(s):  
Response Strategy ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Illegal Fishing ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multiagent Planning ◽  
On Line ◽  
Over Time

Multiagent patrolling is the problem faced by a set of agents that have to visit a set of sites to prevent or detect some threats or illegal actions. Although it is commonly assumed that patrollers share a common objective, the issue of cooperation between the patrollers has received little attention. Over the last years, the focus has been put on patrolling strategies to prevent a one-shot attack from an adversary. This adversary is usually assumed to be fully rational and to have full observability of the system. Most approaches are then based on game theory and consists in computing a best response strategy. Nonetheless, when patrolling frontiers, detecting illegal fishing or poaching; patrollers face multiple adversaries with limited observability and rationality. Moreover, adversaries can perform multiple illegal actions over time and space and may change their strategies as time passes. In this paper, we propose a multiagent planning approach that enables effective cooperation between a team of patrollers in uncertain environments. Patrolling agents are assumed to have partial observability of the system. Our approach allows the patrollers to learn a generic and stochastic model of the adversaries based on the history of observations. A wide variety of adversaries can thus be considered with strategies ranging from random behaviors to fully rational and informed behaviors. We show that the multiagent planning problem can be formalized by a non-stationary DEC- POMDP. In order to deal with the non-stationary, we introduce the notion of context. We then describe an evolutionary algorithm to compute patrolling strategies on-line, and we propose methods to improve the patrollers’ performance.

Effects Of Cognitive Fatigue On Time-on-task Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
James R. Head ◽  
Matthew S. Tenan ◽  
Andrew Tweedell ◽  
Thomas T. Price ◽  
Michael LaFiandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Cognitive Fatigue

scholarly journals Cognitive Fatigue Influences Time-On-Task during Bodyweight Resistance Training Exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Head ◽  
Matthew S. Tenan ◽  
Andrew J. Tweedell ◽  
Thomas F. Price ◽  
Michael E. LaFiandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Cognitive Fatigue ◽  
Training Exercise ◽  
Resistance Training Exercise

Strategic manoeuvers in outsourcing arrangements

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Plugge ◽  
Mark Borman ◽  
Marijn Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Stable Set ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
Over Time

Purpose Adaptation is often seen as a key competitive advantage for outsourcing vendors. Outsourcing research has often assumed that vendor capabilities are static. However, as a result of uncertainties and/or changes in the client environment, vendors need to be able to adapt their outsourcing capabilities. The aim of our research is to compare two contrasting outsourcing approaches and illustrate how an adaptive approach may deliver better results for clients in the long term. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a combination of literature and case study research. A retrospective case study approach was adopted, using interviews, observations and analysis of reports. Two case studies utilizing contrasting clients approaches were investigated and compared. In one of the case studies, the client reorganized activities first and then outsourced them, while in the other, the client did the reverse – outsourced first and then reorganized. Findings The findings indicate that reorganizing first and outsourcing afterwards contributes to a more controlled implementation, which results in a more defined and stable set of vendor outsourcing capabilities that contributed to short-term success. In contrast, outsourcing first and reorganizing later demonstrates a less controlled redesign of the client’s organizational structure, which requires a malleable set of outsourcing capabilities to accommodate future change. The latter strategic manoeuver results in an extended adaptation period, as some capabilities need to be developed over time. However, it may improve success over time as subsequent changes in the client environment can be catered for in a better way. Research limitations/implications Only two explorative case studies were performed, limiting confidence in the degree of generalization of the results. We plea for more research on the effect of context dependency as various contingencies may impact the adaptation of outsourcing capabilities; for example, the volatility of the client’s market or the stability of the technology concerned. Practical implications When a client applies a proactive manoeuver, reorganizing first and then applying outsourcing, the number of adaptive capabilities required of the outsourcing vendor is reduced, limiting the risk for the client in the short term. In the longer term, however, subsequent change requirements may be less well-accommodated. Originality/value Strategic manoeuvers within an outsourcing context have received limited attention in research. As far as we know, this is the first empirical research that investigates the benefits of vendors having adaptive capability.

scholarly journals Neural Dynamics of Reward-Induced Response Activation and Inhibition

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 3961-3976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihui Wang ◽  
Wenshuo Chang ◽  
Ruth M Krebs ◽  
C Nico Boehler ◽  
Jan Theeuwes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Response Tendency ◽  
Response Hand ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Response Activation

Abstract Reward-predictive stimuli can increase an automatic response tendency, which needs to be counteracted by effortful response inhibition when this tendency is inappropriate for the current task. Here we investigated how the human brain implements this dynamic process by adopting a reward-modulated Simon task while acquiring EEG and fMRI data in separate sessions. In the Simon task, a lateral target stimulus triggers an automatic response tendency of the spatially corresponding hand, which needs to be overcome if the activated hand is opposite to what the task requires, thereby delaying the response. We associated high or low reward with different targets, the location of which could be congruent or incongruent with the correct response hand. High-reward targets elicited larger Simon effects than low-reward targets, suggesting an increase in the automatic response tendency induced by the stimulus location. This tendency was accompanied by modulations of the lateralized readiness potential over the motor cortex, and was inhibited soon after if the high-reward targets were incongruent with the correct response hand. Moreover, this process was accompanied by enhanced theta oscillations in medial frontal cortex and enhanced activity in a frontobasal ganglia network. With dynamical causal modeling, we further demonstrated that the connection from presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) to right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) played a crucial role in modulating the reward-modulated response inhibition. Our results support a dynamic neural model of reward-induced response activation and inhibition, and shed light on the neural communication between reward and cognitive control in generating adaptive behaviors.

Event-related cerebral hemodynamics in 2-D and 3-D Visual Vigilance Tasks

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1558-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Greenlee ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
Gregory J. Funke ◽  
Robert E. Patterson ◽  
Adam J. Strang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Optimal Detection ◽  
Hemodynamic Effects ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Sustained Performance ◽  
Global Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Over Time

Recently, Greenlee et al. (2015) demonstrated that a stereoscopic 3-D display attenuated the vigilance decrement, stabilizing optimal detection performance. Yet, the 3-D display did not halt the decline in global cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV), an index of cortical resource utilization, which typically accompanies the vigilance decrement. One possible explanation for this enigmatic finding is that global CBFV may not have been sensitive enough to detect the neurological correlates of superior sustained performance in the 3-D condition. Perhaps a more fine-grained measure of CBFV would reveal the underlying neural markers. To explore that possibility, event-related analyses were employed to uncover moment-to-moment changes in CBFV. These analyses revealed that CBFV increased selectively in response to signal detections in the 3-D condition but not in the 2-D. Like performance in the 3-D condition, the detection-related CBFV response in that condition remained stable over time on task. These findings indicate that event-related measurement of detection-specific neural activity can uncover hemodynamic effects that may otherwise be buried by the tides of global CBFV. Implications for future CBFV research are discussed.

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