Extra high superoxide dismutase in host tissue is associated with improving bleaching resistance in “thermal adapted” and Durusdinium trenchii-associating coral

Global warming threatens reef-building corals with large-scale bleaching events; therefore, it is important to discover potential adaptive capabilities for increasing their temperature resistance before it is too late. This study presents two coral species (Platygyra verweyi and Isopora palifera) surviving on a reef having regular hot water influxes via a nearby nuclear power plant that exhibited completely different bleaching susceptibilities to thermal stress, even though both species shared several so-called “winner” characteristics (e.g., containing Durusdinium trenchii, thick tissue, etc.). During acute heating treatment, algal density did not decline in P. verweyi corals within three days of being directly transferred from 25 to 31 °C; however, the same treatment caused I. palifera to lose < 70% of its algal symbionts within 24 h. The most distinctive feature between the two coral species was an overwhelmingly higher constitutive superoxide dismutase (ca. 10-fold) and catalase (ca. 3-fold) in P. verweyi over I. palifera. Moreover, P. verweyi also contained significantly higher saturated and lower mono-unsaturated fatty acids, especially a long-chain saturated fatty acid (C22:0), than I. palifera, and was consistently associated with the symbiotic bacteria Endozoicomonas, which was not found in I. palifera. However, antibiotic treatment and inoculation tests did not support Endozoicomonas having a direct contribution to thermal resistance. This study highlights that, besides its association with a thermally tolerable algal symbiont, a high level of constitutive antioxidant enzymes in the coral host is crucial for coral survivorship in the more fluctuating and higher temperature environments.

Comparison of Adaptive Capabilities of Graduate Students of Higher Educational Institutions during Distance and Classroom Learning

Studying in medical higher education institutions has always been quite challenging and requires the involvement of various student reserves. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought many changes to the life of society in general and the educational process in particular. Teachers and students of all educational institutions had to switch from working in classrooms to working remotely. All these factors create certain stressful circumstances, so it requires including all adaptive capabilities from each individual. The purpose of the study was to compare socio-psychological adaptation of students who studied in classroom with those forced to practice remotely for more than a year. Materials and methods. One hundred forty-eight completed questionnaires based on the questionnaire of K. Rogers and R. Diamond were processed. The control group consisted of 56 students – these are the answers of students who studied in the 6th year in their classroom during the 2017-2018 academic year. The experimental group included 92 questionnaires of students who worked on the 6th year remotely in the period from spring 2020 to spring 2021. Results and discussion. The study found that the adaptation of students in both groups at an intermediate level was 86% and 78%, respectively. The analysis results show the impact of the third crisis period of study (respectively, 1, 3, and 6 years) on the student. In the 2nd group, we received a figure by 8% lower for the control group. In the control group, the indicator of internality (perception of changes occurring to them due to their activities) did not differ. The transition to distance learning in its average value does not change it significantly. Emotional comfort in the experimental group of students was 12% higher than in the control group. The data obtained in the control group indicate an almost equal percentage of self-perception and perception of others. Students show a friendly attitude to classmates, the environment, a positive attitude towards others. The experimental group students show a positive pole of self-perception, which reflects the degree of self-friendliness. The lower rate of desire for dominance in distance learning students is probably due to the commitment to work in a team. Conclusion. Thus, students who have switched to an entirely new type of education have deviations in the socio-psychological adaptation. The adaptation of students tended to decrease, which indicates the need for additional time to adapt to new conditions and may affect the level of learning. Comparing students of online and offline forms of education revealed differences in the frequency and structure of deviations of social-psychological adaptation. Violations of social-psychological adaptation in distance learning are represented by low scores of its essential characteristics: adaptation, internality, the desire for dominance against the background of increasing self-perception and emotional comfort

Glucocorticoid regulation of clinical and functional manifestations of asthma in patients with different airway response to hyposmolar stimulus during anti-inflammatory therapy

Introduction. The role of an alternative adenylate cyclase pathway of hormonal signal transmission under the action of synthetic glucocorticosteroids with the participation of endogenous stress-limiting activity of the adrenal cortex in conjunction with the adaptive capabilities of airway homeostasis in patients with asthma under conditions of osmotic stress has not been studied at present. Aim. To assess the dynamics of cortisol and cyclic adenosin monophosphate (cAMP) in asthma patients with different airway responses to hypoosmolar stimuli when using anti-inflammatory combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting β2 -agonists (ICS/LABA). Materials and methods. 96 patients diagnosed with asthma received combined anti-inflammatory therapy with ICS/LABA for 24 weeks. Group 1 included patients (n=18) with airway hyperresponsiveness to hypoosmolar stimulus, group 2 (n=78) – with no reaction of the bronchi to a 3-minute ultrasonic inhalation of distilled water. At baseline and at the end of treatment, the lung function was studied; to assess the regulatory function of glucocorticoids using non-genomic signaling pathways, the levels of cortisol in blood serum and cAMP in blood leukocytes were determined. Results. Patients of group 1 in comparison with the second one initially had a lower FEV1 ‒ 88.2±5.3 and 98.5±1.7%, respectively (p<0.05), after treatment in both groups there was a slight tendency to an increase in FEV1 (98.5±5.7 and 101.4±2.5%, respectively, p>0.05). The concentration of cortisol and cAMP at baseline and after 24 weeks of therapy in patients of group 1 was 588.7±32.0 and 495.0±48.7 nmol/L, 61.7±5.1 and 76.5±5, 2 pmol/106 cells (p<0.01); in group 2 − 610.5±20.1 and 522.2±15.60 nmol/L (p<0.001), 76.2±2.2 and 90.6±2.5 pmol/106 cells (p<0.001). Conclusion. In asthma patients with airway osmotic hyperresponsiveness, persistent adaptation to osmotic stress is traced, which is combined with a more significant impairment of the lung function and indicates insufficient therapeutic control over glucocorticoid regulation of osmotic stress by the selected volume of ICS/LABA therapy.

Peculiarities of changes of psychophysiological functions, state of human adaptive capacity and stress resistance of students of higher medical institutions

The study is devoted to assessing the psychophysiological adaptive capabilities of students of higher medical institutions. There was conducted a screening study on the basis of which a correlation analysis of a group of 42 students was performed. The main inclusion criterion was good physical activity. Exclusion criteria - the presence of chronic diseases, acute respiratory viral infections at the time of examination, taking antidepressants or psychoactive substances. The study was aimed to identify the peculiarities of changes in psychophysiological functions and the state of adaptive capacity of students of higher medical institutions being in stressful conditions. The following methods from the software and hardware complex "Psycholot-1" were used for the study: "Functional mobility of nervous processes according to Khilchenko" and "Memory." The survey was conducted under micro-stress, it means all tasks had to be completed in a limited period. Statistical analysis of the data was performed to establish correlations between psychophysiological indicators of short-term memory and functional mobility of nervous processes (Spearman's rank correlation index). It was found that the faster the stimulus appears in conditions of time deficit, the lower the mobility of nervous processes in the student, which is directly reflected in the indicators in increasing the minimum exposure time of the figure on the screen (0.27±0.007 s). In addition, a relationship was found between the rate of reaction of the left hand to a stimulus and the amount of information that a person can store in short-term memory. The information obtained will help to determine the initial data of the adaptive capacity of a potentially healthy contingent of people and predict their success in further professional activities in the sphere of medicine.

Gledswood Shelter 1: Initial radiocarbon dates from a Pleistocene aged rockshelter site in northwest Queensland

Like elsewhere in Australia, the archaeology of northwest Queensland has focused on the antiquity of occupation and the continuity of that occupation through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), in an attempt to better understand the adaptive capabilities and strategies of early humans. Veth (1989, 1993) has hypothesised that the northwest Queensland savannah, as an important ‘corridor’ for the colonisation of Australia (e.g. Bird et al. 2005; Horton 1981), should contain ‘early’ sites; and furthermore that with the climatic deterioration associated with the LGM, such sites should fit one of two patterns: (1) they will be abandoned and display a cultural hiatus; or, (2) if located in resource-rich zones within catchments (‘local refuges’), they will continue to be utilised, though subsistence strategies will be modified to rely more heavily on locally available resources. The northwest Queensland sites of Colless Creek at Lawn Hill (Hiscock 1984, 1988), and GRE8 near Riversleigh (Slack 2007:218-251; Slack et al. 2004), both fit the second pattern, i.e. persistent occupation through the LGM with altered strategies to cope with increased aridity. However, outside these local refugia, sites pre-dating the LGM have not yet been located in the northwest Queensland savannah. For example, Mickey Springs 34 (Porcupine Gorge) provides evidence for human occupation from c.10,000 BP (Morwood 1990, 1992, 2002) and Cuckadoo Shelter in the Selwyn Ranges (Davidson et al. 1993) provides a near basal date of 15,270}210 BP; Veth (1989:87) argued that such sites reflect the post-LGM expansion of groups from refuges. The evidence available to date raises the question as to whether the wider northwest Queensland savannah corridor was indeed occupied in the pre-LGM period, when rainfall levels were higher and there was greater availability of surface water and food resources (cf. Hiscock and Wallis 2005).

Heart rate variability in persons of Tajik nationality during adaptation

Relevance . Maintaining the health of migrants while adapting to the new climatic and geographical conditions of residence is an urgent task. The impact of non-specific factors on the body of migrants in new climatogeographic conditions leads to the strain of regulatory and adaptive mechanisms, and in extreme cases to their failure. Objective - to determine the features of heart rate variability in young Tajiks, depending on the type of temperament living in Krasnoyarsk for more than a year. Materials and Methods: A study of heart rate variability in 63 Tajiks aged 18-40 years with different types of temperament, living in Krasnoyarsk for more than a year, was conducted. The types of temperament were determined by indices in accordance with the method of identifying VP-types of temperament according to E.Yu. Petrosyan, Yu. I. Savchenkov. The following indicators of heart rate variability (HRV) were evaluated: heart rate, the power of the high-frequency, low-frequency and very low-frequency spectrum (BV, MV-2, MV-1) of the HRV component, the voltage index of regulatory systems (IN), the centralization index (CI) and the activity index of regulatory systems. To assess the statistical significance of the differences between the samples, the Students criteria were used. Results and Discussion. It was revealed that migrants with an intense type of temperament after moving to a new place of residence increased the indicators of heart rate, BV and IN. At the same time, in the studied groups with a calm and adequate type of temperament, the power of BV was significantly reduced, with an increase in heart rate and CI. The conclusion is made about the influence of typological features of temperament on HRV indicators, when adapting to new climatogeographic living conditions. Individuals with an adequate type of temperament demonstrate the normal functioning of the adaptive capabilities of the body. In individuals with the calm type, an increase in the tension of the regulatory mechanisms was revealed. Conclusion . Significant changes in HRV are demonstrated by migrants with an intense type of temperament, in particular, they are characterized by a high voltage of regulatory mechanisms.

Analysis of the effects of caffeine and dioxidine on biochemical indicators of blood in mouse

Relevance . In connection with the widespread use of caffeine, an important issue is the study of its interaction with substances that can exhibit toxic effects. Objective. The aim of the study is to assess the degree of influence of caffeine and dioxidine on the biochemical parameters of blood in mice in the forced swimming test. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 6 groups of male mice: control and five experimental. During 15 days of the experiment, the animals of the control group were injected with physiological saline, and the experimental animals were injected with caffeine at a dose of 40 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg (1 and 2), dioxidine in an amount of 200 mg/kg (3), and caffeine was combined and dioxidine (4 and 5). Biochemical parameters were used to determine the content of glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, the activity of aspartic and alanine aminotransferases. Results . The introduction of caffeine at a dose of 40 mg/kg led to a decrease in glucose levels below normal and an increase in cholesterol and urea concentrations. The use of caffeine at a dose of 100 mg/ kg caused a decrease in glucose levels below normal and an increase in urea concentration. With the introduction of dioxidine at a dose of 200 mg/kg, an increase in the level of glucose, cholesterol, urea, as well as the activity of AST and ALT was taken. The combined use of caffeine and dioxidine by the 15th day led to 100 % mortality in experimental animals. Conclusions . The results of the experiment indicate that the introduction of caffeine at a dose of 40 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg leads to an increase in most of the measured parameters relative to the control values, but they do not go beyond normal values, however, a decrease in glucose levels is noted. These changes in indicators are due to the predominance of catabolic processes over anabolic ones. In animals treated with dioxidine, a significant increase in the concentration of metabolites and the activity of blood enzymes was found, especially an increase in AST and ALT was noted, which indicates a predominant lesion of cardiomyocytes. The mortality rate of the experimental groups receiving caffeine and dioxidine together by the last day of the experiment is due to the action of an excessive stress factor leading to the depletion of the adaptive capabilities of the organism and the death of experimental animals.

The Direct Influence of Cytomegalovirus Lysate on the Natural Killer Cell Receptor Repertoire

Natural killer (NK) cells are essential for controlling certain viral infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). In particular, the importance of NK cells in the context of CMV infection is underscored by the adaptive capabilities of these cells. Evidence suggests that some viruses can directly interfere with NK cell compartments and their activation and lead to shape-shifting the NK cell receptor repertoire. Still, it remains unknown whether the CMV can interact with NK cells without intermediaries. Here, we examined whether the direct effects of CMV lysate alter phenotypical properties of NK cells. To investigate this issue, NK cells were isolated from the blood of CMV seropositive healthy donors by negative magnetic separation. Isolated NK cells were cultured in the presence of CMV lysate and analyzed for the expression of NKG2A, NKG2C, and CD57 by FACS caliber. The results showed that NKG2C expression is significantly upregulated in the presence of CMV lysate compared to without stimulated group (mean increase, 6.65 %; 95% CI, 0.2582 to 13.02; p=0.043; R square: 0.38). Likewise, results have shown a significant decrease in the frequency of NKG2A+CD57- NK cell subsets (p=0.005; 95% CI, -13.49 to -3.151; R square: 0.5957) in the stimulated group compared to without stimulated ones. According to these results, CMV may drive a direct influence on NK cell receptor repertoire, including the expansion of NK cells expressing NKG2C receptor, which is needed for further studies.

Rehabilitation program for acute poisoning in a toxicological hospital

BACKGROUND: Diagnostics and treatment of acute poisoning, as well as the rehabilitation measures carried out in relation to them, including the stationary stage, are aimed at the most complete restoration of the lost capabilities of the body. AIMS: Increasing the efficiency of medical rehabilitation of acute poisoning (AP) in a toxicological hospital through a combination of drug therapy and non-drug treatment with preformed physical factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of 1,207 patients with AP psychopharmacological agents (pPFA), neurotoxicants (pNT), cauterizing agents (pCA) and snake bites (SB), who were in the toxicology department of the N.V. Sklifosovsky, 421 patients with an unfavorable course of AP were subjected to an in-depth examination. Intravenous laser hemotherapy (LGT), hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), mesodiencephalic modulation (MDM), wave biomechanotherapy (WBMT) and ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (EP) were used in cases of 291 patients of the main groups. RESULTS: The unfavorable course of AP was accompanied by an increase in the duration of treatment by 2.26.8 times due to the addition of pneumonia (pPFA), toxicohypoxic encephalopathy (pNT), severe burns of the gastrointestinal tract (pCA) and local edematous-inflammatory changes (SB). There was a syndrome of high blood viscosity and moderate endotoxicosis. The best clinical and laboratory results were obtained with a combination of LHT (90 minutes) with EP (pPFA), HBO and EP (pCA), HBO, MDM, EP (heavy pNT), HBO, EP (moderate pNT) and WBMT (SB). The adaptive capabilities of the organism, the state of the autonomic nervous system (pNT), neuropsychological indicators and electrical activity of the brain (pNT) improved. CONCLUSION: Programmed rehabilitation made it possible to achieve a noticeable reduction in the incidence of symptoms of the studied poisoning (by 54.693.4%), the time to resolve their manifestations (by 9.175%), as well as inpatient treatment (by 16.159.3%), improving functional performance.