scholarly journals Higher Visual Function Deficits in Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment and Good Visual Acuity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Chandna ◽  
Saeideh Ghahghaei ◽  
Susan Foster ◽  
Ram Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Good Visual Acuity ◽  
Cerebral Visual Impairment

In clinical practice Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is typically diagnosed by observation of abnormal visually guided behaviors which indicate higher visual function deficits (HVFDs) suggesting abnormal brain development or brain damage in a child with a suitable clinical history. HVFDs can occur even in the presence of good visual acuity and may remain undiagnosed because the good visual acuity does not prompt further investigation. This leads to a lack of understanding of the child’s visual perceptual difficulties. In a prospective study, we determined the spectrum of HVFDs in a group of children with history suggestive of brain damage or disruption of brain development and an independent diagnosis of CVI in comparison with typically developing children with a structured 51 question inventory, the Higher Visual Function Question Inventory (HVFQI-51) adapted from the Cerebral Vision Impairment Inventory, CVI-I. Here, we show that the HVFQI-51 can detect a range of HVFDs in children with CVI with good visual acuity and clearly distinguishes these children from typically developing children. HVFDs in our study group could mostly be attributed to dorsal stream visual processing dysfunction though the spectrum varied between children. We report on the inclusion of the “not applicable” response option in analysis providing a picture of HVFDs more in tune with the overall disability of each child. We also propose a subset of 11 questions (Top-11) which discriminate between children with CVI vs. behaviors seen in typical children: this provides both a potential screening tool for initial assessment of HVFDs and a measure of CVI-related impairment, and needs further validation in a secondary independent sample.

scholarly journals Implications of a Remote Study of Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment for Conducting Virtual Pediatric Eye Care Research: Virtual Assessment Is Possible for Children With CVI

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Almagati ◽  
Barry S. Kran
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Parent Questionnaire ◽  
Low Vision Clinic ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Vision Function ◽  
E Mail

The Pandemic of 2020 impacted conducting in-person research. Our proposed project already had an asynchronous online component but was later morphed to add a synchronous online component, thereby eliminating the need for in-person assessment. The project compares the results of various tests between a group of children with Cerebral Visual Impairments (CVI) (N = 4) and an age-matched sample of children without CVI (N = 3) from a pediatric low vision clinic. This model was trialed with a small convenient sample of typically developing children in the same age range (N = 4). Given the positive feedback, recruitment for the larger study was done via encrypted e-mail rather than through traditional mailing. The asynchronous components included recruitment, pre-assessment information, the Flemish CVI questionnaire, Vineland-3 comprehensive parent questionnaire for assessment of age equivalent, and vision function tests, such as contrast sensitivity. The synchronous components were administered via Zoom telehealth provided by necoeyecare.org and included assessment of visual acuity via the Freiburg Visual Acuity and Contrast Test (FrACT) electronic software and assessment of visual perceptual batteries via the Children’s Visual Impairment Test for developmental ages 3–6-years (CVIT 3–6). Our virtual testing protocol was successful in the seven participants tested. This paper reviews and critiques the model that we utilized and discusses ways in which this model can be improved. Aside from public health considerations during the pandemic, this approach is more convenient for many families. In a broader perspective, this approach can be scaled for larger N studies of rare conditions, such as CVI without being confined by proximity to the researcher.

Diagnosing Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children with Good Visual Acuity

Strabismus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria van Genderen ◽  
Marjoke Dekker ◽  
Florine Pilon ◽  
Irmgard Bals
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Good Visual Acuity ◽  
Cerebral Visual Impairment

scholarly journals Differences between children with Down syndrome and typically developing children in adaptive behaviour, executive functions and visual acuity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine de Weger ◽  
F. Nienke Boonstra ◽  
Jeroen Goossens
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Distant Visual Acuity ◽  
Near Visual Acuity

AbstractIn children with Down syndrome (DS) development of visual, motor and cognitive functions is atypical. It is unknown whether the visual impairments in children with DS aggravate their lag in cognitive development. Visual impairment and developmental lags in adaptive behaviour and executive functions were assessed in 104 children with DS, 2–16 years, by comparing their adaptive behaviour, executive functions and visual acuity (distant and near) scores against published age-matched norm scores of typically developing children. Associations between these lags were explored. Mean (± SEM) differences to age-matched norms indicated reduced performance in DS: Vineland Screener questionnaire, − 63 ± 3.8 months; task-based Minnesota Executive Function Scale (MEFS), − 46.09 ± 2.07 points; BRIEF-P questionnaire, 25.29 ± 4.66 points; BRIEF parents’ and teachers’ questionnaire, 17.89 ± 3.92 points and 40.10 ± 3.81 points; distant and near visual acuity, 0.51 ± 0.03 LogMAR and 0.63 ± 0.03 LogMAR (near − 0.11 ± 0.04 LogMAR poorer than distant). Adaptive behaviour (Vineland-S) correlated with the severity of visual impairment (r = − 0.396). Children with DS are severely impaired in adaptive behaviour, executive functions and visual acuities (near visual acuity more severely impaired than distant visual acuity). Larger impairment in adaptive behaviour is found in children with larger visual impairment. This supports the idea that visual acuity plays a role in adaptive development.

scholarly journals Motion Processing Deficits in Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment and Good Visual Acuity

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (14) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Arvind Chandna ◽  
Nikolay Nichiporuk ◽  
Spero Nicholas ◽  
Ram Kumar ◽  
Anthony M. Norcia
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Good Visual Acuity ◽  
Processing Deficits ◽  
Cerebral Visual Impairment

scholarly journals Visual function subtyping in children with early‐onset cerebral visual impairment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Sakki ◽  
Richard Bowman ◽  
Jenefer Sargent ◽  
Roopen Kukadia ◽  
Naomi Dale
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Cerebral Visual Impairment

CVI Experience toolbox: Simulation of visual processing difficulties

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-257
Author(s):  
Florine Pilon-Kamsteeg ◽  
Marjoke J Dekker-Pap ◽  
Gerard C de Wit ◽  
Maria M van Genderen
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Information Processing ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Slide Presentation ◽  
Cerebral Visual Impairment ◽  
Simulation Exercises

We designed a cerebral visual impairment (CVI)–experience toolbox containing simulation exercises to let professionals experience the complexity of visual information processing and to get an impression of what it means to have CVI. We measured the benefits of the CVI Experience toolbox by using questionnaires during three CVI seminars with professionals ( n = 69). These seminars started with a slide presentation on CVI followed by the CVI experience toolbox. We presented the professionals with the same survey on their knowledge of CVI at the start of the seminar, after the presentation, and after the toolbox. Professionals with more previous CVI experience started on average with a higher score. The final end score, however, did not seem to depend on previous experience. Furthermore, the added value of the experience toolset was quite independent of the added value of the presentation. The results indicate that both the presentationand the experience toolboxadd to the understanding of CVI.

scholarly journals Early Screening of Visual Processing Dysfunctions in Children Born Very or Extremely Preterm

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlou J. G. Kooiker ◽  
Maud M. van Gils ◽  
Ymie J. van der Zee ◽  
Renate M. C. Swarte ◽  
Liesbeth S. Smit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcome ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
School Age ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Extremely Preterm

Introduction: Children with early brain damage or dysfunction are at risk of developing cerebral visual impairment (CVI), including visual processing dysfunctions (VPD), which currently remain largely undetected until school age. Our aim was to systematically screen for possible VPD in children born very or extremely preterm from 1 to 2 years corrected age (CA) and to evaluate the effectiveness of early referral.Method: We included N = 48 children born < 30 weeks from 1 year CA. They underwent a two-step VPD screening based on (1) neurological signs indicative of visual brain damage evaluated by neonatologists and/or pediatric neurologist and (2) a functional assessment of visual orienting functions (VOF) with an eye tracking-based test. If at least one of these assessments was abnormal for their age, the children were classified as a risk of VPD and referred to undergo conventional visual diagnostics: ophthalmic exam and visual function assessment (VFA). At 2 years CA, VOF screening was repeated and neurodevelopment was assessed.Results: 18 children (38%) were classified as at risk of VPD at 1 year CA. 7 children had abnormal neurological signs, 5 children had abnormal VOF, and 6 children had both. Subsequent ophthalmic exams (N = 14) showed severe hypermetropia in 21% and strabismus in 14%. VFA (N = 10) showed abnormal visual function and behavior in only 1 child. At 2 years CA, the total group showed an increase in abnormal VOF. Whereas the children at risk showed some normalization, the group without VPD risk at 1 year CA showed deterioration of VOF. Neurodevelopmental outcome did not clearly differ between risk groups.Conclusion: Our findings show a substantial risk of VPD during visual screening (in 38%) at 1 year CA, but relatively few deficits on subsequent conventional ophthalmic exams and VFA. The data suggest that most conventional visual diagnostic methods at this young age are not related to the established VPD risks. VOF assessment should be used complimentary to these methods. The fact that at 2 years CA the number of children with a VPD risk based on abnormal VOF increased argues for more extensive and continuous screening in risk groups, at least until school age.

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