Abstract1. Males of the true katydid, Pterophylla camellifolia F., produce three kinds of acoustical signals termed calling (which can be subdivided into solo calling and alternating calling), aggressive, and disturbance sounds. Alternating calling and aggressive sounds are specialized phonoresponses consisting of regular, rhythmic alternation of chirps by adjacent males at rates slower than solo calling. The arhythmic disturbance sounds are elicited by handling. 2. The nature of alternation was investigated by analyzing changes in chirp lengths and interval lengths of males responding to chirps of other males and to electronically-produced imitations of their chirps for which rate, duration, and intensity was varied. 3. During alternating calling and aggressive sounds, a katydid's chirp rate is slowed because of delay or inhibition by the chirp of another katydid or imitation chirp. Katydids are refractory to delay until the acoustical stimulus extends to the point at which a katydid would chirp if not delayed. From this point to the point of maximum delay (the alternation period), limited by the length of the stimulus and the solo rate of the katydid, increase in the interval between the stimulus and the previous katydid chirp results in a relatively constant interval between the stimulus and the following katydid chirp. During alternating calling, the chirps of one katydid extend beyond the refractory period of the other katydid so that the intervals between successive chirps remain relatively constant. 4. Acoustical interaction between two katydids consists essentially of: 1) entrainment of each katydid at a slower rate because of inhibition by the acoustical stimulus (chirp of the other katydid), and 2) intermittent "escapes" from entrainment (solos). The katydid with the faster spontaneous rate (the leader) is responsible for almost all solos; response by the katydid with the slower spontaneous rate (the follower) eventually entrains (slows) the leader and alternation is resumed. 5. Excitation is as much an integral part of the alternation phonoresponse as is inhibition. Post-inhibitory excitation is apparently responsible for the following: i) katydids soloing faster following than prior to alternation, 2) increase in chirp length following delay by an acoustical stimulus, 3) katydids chirping only in response to an "inhibitory" acoustical stimulus, and 4) reduction in the difference between the solo (spontaneous) rates of two alternating katydids. 6. Increasing the interval between a katydid's chirp and a succeeding stimulus chirp not only increases the extent of delay, it also increases the probability that the next chirp will be one pulse longer. Shortening of a chirp by one pulse occurs most frequently when a katydid's chirp begins before the end, or within a few hundredths of a second after the end, of the stimulus chirp. Under these conditions, shortening of chirp length occurs whether or not the katydid's chirp rate has been slowed. Acoustically-generated nervous signals must partially inhibit nervous output to the wing muscles even though there may be no effect on chirp rate. 7. An increase in the length of electronic stimulus chirps causes an equivalent decrease in katydid chirp rate. Increase in the period of inhibition also results in an increase in post-inhibitory excitation expressed in the following ways: i) increase in solo rate, 2) shortening of intervals between alternated chirps, and 3) to some extent for some katydids, an increase in frequency of longer chirps. 8. The aggressive sound, which occurs at inter-katydid distances of from one to seven feet (sound intensities of 69 to 80 dB), is characterized by a one- to six-pulse increase in chirp length and up to a 50% decrease in intervals between solo chirps. Increasing the intensity of imitation (electronic) stimulus chirps above a threshold value of approximately 65 dB has little or no effect on a katydid's acoustical response. Increasing the length of electronic stimulus chirps causes either no change or no more than a one-pulse increase in katydid chirp length and no more than a 25% decrease in intervals between solo chirps. It is suggested that non-acoustical stimuli may be responsible for release of the aggressive sound. 9. Most of the acoustical behavior of Pterophylla camellifolia males can be understood simply in terms of afferent inhibition of a spontaneously firing neuron ("acoustic pacemaker") and post-inhibitory rebound; this suggests a neuronal mechanism consisting of relatively few neurons. Utilizing information uncovered from the investigation of central nervous system activity in other species of arthropods, some likely properties of the neuronal mechanism controlling katydid phonoresponding are discussed. 10. The nature of alternation of chirps by other tettigoniids suggests that the neuronal mechanism may be similar in all alternating tettigoniids. Differences in the nature of alternation may be related to differences in the chirp-duration-to-chirp-interval ratios and differences in the expression of inhibitory and post-inhibition excitatory processes. 11. The relatively long chirps and short intervals between chirps of P. camellifolia males result in maximal expression of reciprocal inhibitory-excitatory processes which, in turn, may be responsible for the following: i) more katydids chirping more continuously for longer periods of time, and 2) maximum clarity and redundancy of species-specific signals by maintenance of constant response intervals between chirps.
Behavioral and Neural Dynamics of Interpersonal Synchrony Between Performing Musicians: A Wireless EEG Hyperscanning Study
