Response of the Cerebral Cortex to Resistance and Non-resistance Exercise Under Different Trajectories: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Background: At present, the effects of upper limb movement are generally evaluated from the level of motor performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the response of the cerebral cortex to different upper limb movement patterns from the perspective of neurophysiology.Method: Thirty healthy adults (12 females, 18 males, mean age 23.9 ± 0.9 years) took resistance and non-resistance exercises under four trajectories (T1: left and right straight-line movement; T2: front and back straight-line movement; T3: clockwise and anticlockwise drawing circle movement; and T4: clockwise and anticlockwise character ⁕ movement). Each movement included a set of periodic motions composed of a 30-s task and a 30-s rest. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure cerebral blood flow dynamics. Primary somatosensory cortex (S1), supplementary motor area (SMA), pre-motor area (PMA), primary motor cortex (M1), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were chosen as regions of interests (ROIs). Activation maps and symmetric heat maps were applied to assess the response of the cerebral cortex to different motion patterns.Result: The activation of the brain cortex was significantly increased during resistance movement for each participant. Specifically, S1, SMA, PMA, and M1 had higher participation during both non-resistance movement and resistance movement. Compared to non-resistance movement, the resistance movement caused an obvious response in the cerebral cortex. The task state and the resting state were distinguished more obviously in the resistance movement. Four trajectories can be distinguished under non-resistance movement.Conclusion: This study confirmed that the response of the cerebral motor cortex to different motion patterns was different from that of the neurophysiological level. It may provide a reference for the evaluation of resistance training effects in the future.

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Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) for Assessing Cerebral Cortex Function During Human Behavior in Natural/Social Situations: A Concise Review

Organizational Research Methods ◽

10.1177/1094428116658959 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 46-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Valentina Quaresima ◽

Marco Ferrari

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Human Behavior ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Basic Research ◽

Human Beings ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Social Situations ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Upon adequate stimulation, real-time maps of cortical hemodynamic responses can be obtained by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which noninvasively measures changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin after positioning multiple sources and detectors over the human scalp. This review is aimed at giving a concise and simple overview of the basic principles of fNIRS including features, strengths, advantages, limitations, and utility for evaluating human behavior. The transportable/wireless commercially available fNIRS systems have a time resolution of 1 to 10 Hz, a depth sensitivity of about 1.5 cm, and a spatial resolution up to 1 cm. fNIRS has been found suitable for many applications on human beings, either adults or infants/children, in the field of social sciences, neuroimaging basic research, and medicine. Some examples of present and future prospects of fNIRS for assessing cerebral cortex function during human behavior in different situations (in natural and social situations) will be provided. Moreover, the most recent fNIRS studies for investigating interpersonal interactions by adopting the hyperscanning approach, which consists of the measurement of brain activity simultaneously on two or more people, will be reported.

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Identification of abnormal motor cortex activation patterns in children with cerebral palsy by functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Journal of Biomedical Optics ◽

10.1117/1.3432746 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 036008 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Bilal Khan ◽

Fenghua Tian ◽

Khosrow Behbehani ◽

Mario I. Romero ◽

Mauricio R. Delgado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Motor Cortex ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Activation Patterns ◽

Children With Cerebral Palsy ◽

Abnormal Motor

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Assessment of Brain Cortical Activation in Passive Movement During Wrist Task Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)

Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies ◽

10.18502/fbt.v6i2.1691 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Maziar Jalalvandi ◽

Hamid Sharini ◽

Yousof Naderi ◽

Nader RiahiAlam

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Motor Cortex ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Passive Movement ◽

Cortical Activation ◽

Movement Direction ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Activation Patterns

Purpose: Nowadays, the number of people diagnosed with movement disorders is increasing. Therefore, the evaluation of brain activity during motor task performance has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a useful method that measures hemodynamic changes in the brain cortex based on optical principles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the brain’s cortical activation in passive movement of the wrist. Materials and Methods: In current study, the activation of the brain's motor cortex during passive movement of the right wrist was investigated. To perform this study, ten healthy young right-handed volunteers were chosen. The required data were collected using a commercial 48-channel continuous wave fNIRS machine, using two different wavelengths of 765 and 855 nm at 10 Hz sampling rate. Results: Analysis of collected data showed that the brain's motor cortex during passive motion was significantly activated (p≤0.05) compared to rest. Motor cortex activation patterns depending on passive movement direction were separated. In different directions of wrist movement, the maximum activation was recorded at the primary motor cortex (M1). Conclusion: The present study has investigated the ability of fNIRS to evaluate cortical activation during passive movement of the wrist. Analysis of recording signals showed that different directions of movement have specific activation patterns in the motor cortex.

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Study on driver’s braking intention identification based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles ◽

10.1108/jicv-09-2018-0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 107-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lei Zhu ◽

Shuguang Li ◽

Yaohua Li ◽

Min Wang ◽

Yanyu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Intelligent System ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Content Type ◽

Cooperative Driving ◽

Intention Recognition

PurposeCooperative driving refers to a notion that intelligent system sharing controlling with human driver and completing driving task together. One of the key technologies is that the intelligent system can identify the driver’s driving intention in real time to implement consistent driving decisions. The purpose of this study is to establish a driver intention prediction model.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used the NIRx device to measure the cerebral cortex activities for identifying the driver’s braking intention. The experiment was carried out in a virtual reality environment. During the experiment, the driving simulator recorded the driving data and the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device recorded the changes in hemoglobin concentration in the cerebral cortex. After the experiment, the driver’s braking intention identification model was established through the principal component analysis and back propagation neural network.FindingsThe research results showed that the accuracy of the model established in this paper was 80.39 per cent. And, the model could identify the driver’s braking intent prior to his braking operation.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this study was that the experimental environment was ideal and did not consider the surrounding traffic. At the same time, other actions of the driver were not taken into account when establishing the braking intention recognition model. Besides, the verification results obtained in this paper could only reflect the results of a few drivers’ identification of braking intention.Practical implicationsThis study can be used as a reference for future research on driving intention through fNIRS, and it also has a positive effect on the research of brain-controlled driving. At the same time, it has developed new frontiers for intention recognition of cooperative driving.Social implicationsThis study explores new directions for future brain-controlled driving and wheelchairs.Originality/valueThe driver’s driving intention was predicted through the fNIRS device for the first time.

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Neurofeedback-based functional near-infrared spectroscopy upregulates motor cortex activity in imagined motor tasks

Neurophotonics ◽

10.1117/1.nph.4.2.021107 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 021107 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Pawan Lapborisuth ◽

Xian Zhang ◽

Adam Noah ◽

Joy Hirsch

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Motor Cortex ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Motor Tasks ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

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Motor Cortex Function in Fibromyalgia: A Study by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Pain Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2019/2623161 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eleonora Gentile ◽

Katia Ricci ◽

Marianna Delussi ◽

Filippo Brighina ◽

Marina de Tommaso

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Motor Cortex ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Resting State ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Control Group ◽

Motor Speed ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Motor Cortex Excitability ◽

Fast Movement

Previous studies indicated changes of motor cortex excitability in fibromyalgia (FM) patients and the positive results of transcranial stimulation techniques. The present study aimed to explore the metabolism of motor cortex in FM patients, in resting state and during slow and fast finger tapping, using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), an optical method which detects in real time the metabolism changes in the cortical tissue. We studied 24 FM patients and 24 healthy subjects. We found a significant slowness of motor speed in FM patients compared to controls. During resting state and slow movement conditions, the metabolism of the motor areas was similar between groups. The oxyhemoglobin concentrations were significantly lower in patients than in control group during the fast movement task. This abnormality was independent from FM severity and duration. The activation of motor cortex areas is dysfunctional in FM patients, thus supporting the rationale for the therapeutic role of motor cortex modulation in this disabling disorder.

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