scholarly journals Malignant Melanoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation: A Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Cham ◽  
Ayal Shavit ◽  
Aren Ebrahimi ◽  
Miguel Viray ◽  
Paul Gibbs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Brown Pigment ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Lung Mass ◽  
Diagnostic Uncertainty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microscopic Morphology

BackgroundMelanoma has a wide range of histologic variants and cytomorphologic features that make its diagnosis challenging. Melanoma can also rarely have neuroendocrine markers adding further diagnostic uncertainty particularly given that unrelated tumor types, such as prostate cancer, can also display focal neuroendocrine differentiations.Case presentationOur patient is a 74-year-old Caucasian man found to have a lung mass. Initial biopsy revealed typical microscopic morphology and neuroendocrine differentiation consistent with small cell carcinoma. Despite standard chemoradiation treatment, the patient continued to progress with new metastasis in the brain, liver and bone. Subsequent chest wall biopsy revealed golden-brown pigment associated with melanin. Further tumor immunohistochemistry revealed extensive neuroendocrine differentiation with CD56, synaptophysin, and INSM1, as well as strong immunoreactivity for melanocyte markers including SOX10, S100, PRAME, and MITF, consistent with metastatic melanoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. Genomic testing revealed increased tumor mutational burden and alterations in NF1, BRAF, CDKN2A/B, TERT. The patient was transitioned to checkpoint inhibitor therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab and had resolution of his intracranial mass and decrease in size of other metastatic lesions.ConclusionOften the combination of anatomic findings such as a lung mass, typical microscopic morphology, and confirmation of neuroendocrine differentiation correctly identifies a patient with small cell carcinoma. However, in a patient who fails to respond to treatment, a broader immunohistochemical workup along with molecular testing with additional tissue may be warranted.

Hypercalcaemia due to ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcaemic type

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. e243571
Author(s):  
Annalisa Montebello ◽  
Mark Gruppetta
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Lower Abdominal Pain ◽  
Ovarian Tumour ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Pelvic Radiotherapy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide

A 37-year-old woman presented with a few days’ history of lower abdominal pain and an incidental finding of hypercalcaemia. A thorough workup ensued, and the cause was found to be an exceptionally rare ovarian tumour—ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcaemic type. Acute treatment of hypercalcaemia consisted of aggressive intravenous fluids and bisphosphonates. She underwent surgery to remove the tumour and is currently receiving systemic platinum/etoposide chemotherapy combination to be followed by pelvic radiotherapy. This case highlights the wide range of differential diagnosis for hypercalcaemia and the importance of a stepwise and thorough approach during investigations. We discuss the pathophysiology of malignancy-related hypercalcaemia, focusing especially on parathyroid hormone-related peptide-associated hypercalcaemia.

Mechanisms of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells and Small Cell Carcinoma

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takaaki Ito ◽  
Naoko Udaka ◽  
Kohji Okudela ◽  
Takuya Yazawa ◽  
Hitoshi Kitamura
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells

Recurrent Prostate Carcinoma Presenting as Omental Large Cell Carcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Resulting in Bowel Obstruction

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (7) ◽  
pp. 1074-1076
Author(s):  
San San Wynn ◽  
Satyagnani Nagabundi ◽  
Jaik Koo ◽  
Nena W. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Bowel Obstruction ◽  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Antigen Level

Abstract Neuroendocrine differentiation in the neoplastic prostate varies from foci of adenocarcinoma showing immunoreactivity to the pure small cell carcinoma, which correlates with poor prognosis. Widely metastatic disease in unusual sites is reported for small cell carcinoma, and rarely is the serum prostate-specific antigen level elevated. We report a case of recurrent prostate adenocarcinoma presenting as bowel obstruction due to widespread metastatic disease in the omentum and peritoneum. The histopathology of the omental metastasis was that of a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, without evidence of an adenocarcinoma. The absence of a clinically evident second primary tumor, the concomitant elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level, and the positive tissue immunoreactivities to prostatic markers all supported the prostatic origin of the omental tumor. Review of the importance of prostatic neuroendocrine differentiation and its unusual metastatic patterns is presented.

scholarly journals Small cell carcinoma of the vulva: case report

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Correia ◽  
Elizabeth Castelo Branco ◽  
Paulo Correia ◽  
Marcos Guimarães ◽  
Luís Sá
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Adjuvant Radiation ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
High Grade Carcinoma ◽  
Neuroendocrine Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Gynaecological Tumours

Neuroendocrine tumours are rare in the gynaecologic tract, comprising approximately 2% of all gynaecological tumours. They have an aggressive behaviour and are a diagnostic and clinical challenge, due to their rarity and the lack of standardized therapeutic approaches. There are a few case reports. It is defined as a high-grade carcinoma exhibiting neuroendocrine differentiation. The authors describe the case of a 70-year-old woman, with vulvar neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma after superficial vulvectomy. The patient was submitted to a surgery with wide local excision and adjuvant radiation therapy. A review of the literature on this topic is also presented.

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. Report of two Cases and Review of the Literature

1992 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Amichetti ◽  
Sebastiana Boi ◽  
Gianni Fellin ◽  
Sergio Maluta ◽  
Paolo Dalla Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Carcinoma Of The Bladder

Undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare but aggressive subset of urinary tract neoplasms. Analogous to small-cell carcinoma of the lung, this tumor frequently exhibits neuroendocrine differentiation. We report the 92nd and 93rd case of small cell carcinoma of the bladder reported in the literature with characteristic cytologic, histologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural features. The patients were treated initially with chemotherapy, but after a brief clinical course died for progression of disease and for myocardial infarction, respectively. The pathologic and clinical features and therapeutic options of the cases described in the literature are reviewed.

scholarly journals Case Report: Systemic Treatment and Serial Genomic Sequencing of Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma Progressing to Small Cell Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
XiaoJun Lu ◽  
Wenwen Gao ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Hongliang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Castration Resistance ◽  
Tumor Biopsy

Small cell carcinoma (SCC)/neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a rare and highly aggressive subtype of prostate cancer associated with an AR(androgen receptor)-null phenotype and visceral metastases. This study presents a 44-year-old man originally diagnosed with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostatic adenocarcinoma. After 6-month androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) combined with docetaxel, the patient developed paraplegia. Laminectomy was performed, and a thoracic vertebral biopsy revealed neuroendocrine differentiation and mixed adenocarcinoma. The patient developed liver metastases and experienced stable disease for 4 months following etoposide combined with cisplatin and pembrolizumab. Seminal vesicle biopsy after chemotherapy revealed small-cell cancer. The prostate biopsy specimen also indicated pure SCC. We witnessed the dynamic evolution from pure adenocarcinoma to fully differentiated SCC, leading to obstruction and death. In addition, whole-exome sequencing was performed on both biopsy specimens of the thoracic vertebra at the beginning of castration resistance and that of seminal vesicle after multiple lines of treatment failure. Utilizing phylogenetic reconstruction, we observed that both samples shared a common ancestor clone harboring aberrations in the TP53, RB1, and NF2 genes. We also discovered that driver events in the private subclones of both samples, such as alterations in CDC27 and RUNX1, might have played a significant role in tumor progression or even neuroendocrine differentiation. Tumor biopsy and IHC assessment must be repeated at different stages of progression, because of intrapatient spatial and temporal heterogeneity of adenocarcinoma versus SCC/NEPC. Although, typical treatments including ADT, docetaxel, etoposide, cisplatin, and pembrolizumab provided temporary response, the patient still had a poor prognosis.

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