Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiling on Xanthine Alkaloids-Fed Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) Shoot Tips and Roots Reveal the Complex Metabolic Network for Caffeine Biosynthesis and Degradation

Abstract Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels) are the major genetic variations and are distributed extensively across the whole plant genome. However, few studies of these variations have been conducted in the long-lived perennial tea plant. In this study, we investigated the genome-wide genetic variation between Camellia sinensis var. sinensis ‘Shuchazao’ and Camellia sinensis var. assamica ‘Yunkang 10’, identified 7,511,731 SNPs and 255,218 InDels based on their whole genome sequences, and we subsequently analyzed their distinct types and distribution patterns. A total of 48 InDel markers that yielded polymorphic and unambiguous fragments were developed when screening six tea cultivars. These markers were further deployed on forty-six tea cultivars for transferability and genetic diversity analysis, exhibiting information with an average 4.02 of the number of alleles (Na) and 0.457 of polymorphism information content (PIC). The dendrogram showed that the phylogenetic relationships among these tea cultivars are highly consistent with their genetic backgrounds or original places. Interestingly, we observed that the catechin/caffeine contents between ‘Shuchazao’ and ‘Yunkang 10’ were significantly different, and a large number of SNPs/InDels were identified within catechin/caffeine biosynthesis-related genes. The identified genome-wide genetic variation and newly-developed InDel markers will provide a valuable resource for tea plant genetic and genomic studies, especially the SNPs/InDels within catechin/caffeine biosynthesis-related genes, which may serve as pivotal candidates for elucidating the molecular mechanism governing catechin/caffeine biosynthesis.

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Metabolism of xanthine and hypoxanthine in the tea plant (Thea sinensis L.)

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1460079 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 146 (1) ◽

pp. 79-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

T Suzuki ◽

E Takahashi

Keyword(s):

De Novo ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Shoot Tips ◽

Purine Nucleotides ◽

Purine Salvage ◽

Nucleotide Synthesis ◽

Caffeine Biosynthesis ◽

Tea Shoot ◽

Tea Plants ◽

Almost All

1. The metabolism of xanthine and hypoxanthine in excised shoot tips of tea was studied with micromolar amounts of [2(-14)C]xanthine or [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine. Almost all of the radioactive compounds supplied were utilized by tea shoot tips by 30 h after their uptake. 2. The main products of [2(-14)C]xanthine and [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine metabolism in tea shoots were urea, allantoin and allantoic acid. There was also incorporation of the label into theobromine, caffeine and RNA purine nucleotides. 3. The results indicate that tea plants can catabolize purine bases by the same pathways as animals. It is also suggested that tea plants have the ability to snythesize purine nucleotides from glycine by the pathways of purine biosynthesis de novo and from hypoxanthine and xanthine by the pathway of purine salvage. 4. The results of incorporation of more radioactivity from [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine than from [2(-14)C]xanthine into RNA purine nucleotides and caffeine suggest that hypoxanthine is a more effective precursor of caffeine biosynthesis than xanthine. The formation of caffeine from hypoxanthine is a result of nucleotide synthesis via the pathway of purine salvage.

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Transcriptome profiling analysis of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) using Oxford Nanopore long-read RNA-Seq technology

Gene ◽

10.1016/j.gene.2020.145247 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 769 ◽

pp. 145247

Author(s):

Fen Wang ◽

Zhi Chen ◽

Huimin Pei ◽

Zhiyou Guo ◽

Di Wen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Oxford Nanopore ◽

Long Read ◽

Profiling Analysis

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Peptidase activity in shoot tips of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.)

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj0930419 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 419-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

GW Sanderson ◽

GR Roberts

Keyword(s):

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Shoot Tips ◽

Peptidase Activity

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Metabolism of methionine and biosynthesis of caffeine in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.)

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1600171 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 160 (2) ◽

pp. 171-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

T Suzuki ◽

E Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acids ◽

Gradient Centrifugation ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Shoot Tips ◽

Purine Nucleotides ◽

Unknown Compound ◽

Caffeine Biosynthesis ◽

Tea Shoot ◽

Tea Plants ◽

Almost All

1. Caffeine biosynthesis was studied by following the incorporation of 14C into the products of L-[Me-14C]methionine metabolism in tea shoot tips. 2. After administration of a ‘pulse’ of L-[Me-14C]methionine, almost all of the L-[Me-14C]methionine supplied disappeared within 1 h, and 14C-labelled caffeine synthesis increased throughout the experimental periods, whereas the radioactivities of an unknown compound and theobromine were highest at 3 h after the uptake of L-[Me-14C]methionine, followed by a steady decrease. There was also slight incorporation of the label into 7-methylxanthine, serine, glutamate and aspartate, disappearing by 36 h after the absorption of L-[Me-14C]methionine. 3. The radioactivities of nucleic acids derived from L-[Me-14C]methionine increased rapidly during the first 12 h incubation period and then decreased steadily. Sedimentation analysis of nucleic acids by sucrose-gradient centrifugation showed that methylation of nucleic acids in tea shoot tips occurred mainly in the tRNA fraction. The main product among the methylated bases in tea shoot tips was identified as 1-methyladenine. 4. The results indicated that the purine ring in caffeine is derived from the purine nucleotides in the nucleotide pool rather than in nucleic acids. A metabolic scheme to show the production of caffeine and related methylxanthines from the nucleotides in tea plants is discussed.

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Characterization of genome-wide genetic variations between two varieties of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and development of InDel markers for genetic research

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-019-6347-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Shengrui Liu ◽

Yanlin An ◽

Wei Tong ◽

Xiuju Qin ◽

Lidia Samarina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Genetic Research ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Genetic Variations ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Plant Genome ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Indel Markers ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Caffeine Biosynthesis

Abstract Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels) are the major genetic variations and are distributed extensively across the whole plant genome. However, few studies of these variations have been conducted in the long-lived perennial tea plant. Results In this study, we investigated the genome-wide genetic variations between Camellia sinensis var. sinensis ‘Shuchazao’ and Camellia sinensis var. assamica ‘Yunkang 10’, identified 7,511,731 SNPs and 255,218 InDels based on their whole genome sequences, and we subsequently analyzed their distinct types and distribution patterns. A total of 48 InDel markers that yielded polymorphic and unambiguous fragments were developed when screening six tea cultivars. These markers were further deployed on 46 tea cultivars for transferability and genetic diversity analysis, exhibiting information with an average 4.02 of the number of alleles (Na) and 0.457 of polymorphism information content (PIC). The dendrogram showed that the phylogenetic relationships among these tea cultivars are highly consistent with their genetic backgrounds or original places. Interestingly, we observed that the catechin/caffeine contents between ‘Shuchazao’ and ‘Yunkang 10’ were significantly different, and a large number of SNPs/InDels were identified within catechin/caffeine biosynthesis-related genes. Conclusion The identified genome-wide genetic variations and newly-developed InDel markers will provide a valuable resource for tea plant genetic and genomic studies, especially the SNPs/InDels within catechin/caffeine biosynthesis-related genes, which may serve as pivotal candidates for elucidating the molecular mechanism governing catechin/caffeine biosynthesis.

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Characterization of genome-wide genetic variation between two varieties of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and development of InDel markers for genetics research

10.21203/rs.2.14507/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Shengrui Liu ◽

Yanlin An ◽

Wei Tong ◽

Xiuju Qin ◽

Lidia Samarina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Genetics Research ◽

Indel Markers ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Caffeine Biosynthesis

Abstract Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertions/Deletions (InDels) are the major genetic variations and distributed extensively across the plant whole genome. Few investigations of these variations, however, have been performed in the long-lived perennial tea plant. Here, we have investigated the genome-wide genetic variation between Camellia sinensis var. sinensis ‘Shuchazao’ and Camellia sinensis var. assamica ‘Yunkang 10’, generating 7,511,731 SNPs and 255,218 InDels based on their whole genome sequences, and subsequently analyzed their distinct types and distribution patterns. A total of 48 InDel markers that yielded polymorphic and unambiguous fragments were developed when screening six tea cultivars. These markers were further deployed on forty-six tea cultivars for transferability and genetic diversity analysis, exhibiting informative with an average 4.02 of the number of alleles ( Na ) and 0.457 of polymorphism information content (PIC). The dendrogram showed that the phylogenetic relationships among these tea cultivars are highly consistent with their genetic backgrounds or original places. Interestingly, we observed that the content of catechin/caffeine between ‘Shuchazao’ and ‘Yunkang 10’ were significantly different, and a large number of SNPs/InDels were identified within catechin/caffeine biosynthesis-related genes. The identified genome-wide genetic variation and newly-developed InDel markers will provide a valuable resource for tea plant genetics and genomics studies, especially those SNPs/InDels within catechin/caffeine biosynthesis-related genes can be served as pivotal candidates for elucidating the molecular mechanism of catechin/caffeine biosynthesis.

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Expression for Caffeine Biosynthesis and Related Enzymes in Camellia sinensis

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2010-3-413 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 65 (3-4) ◽

pp. 245-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Misako Kato ◽

Naoko Kitao ◽

Mariko Ishida ◽

Hanayo Morimoto ◽

Fumi Irino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Heavy Metal Stress ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Purine Base ◽

Caffeine Synthase ◽

Purine Alkaloid ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Caffeine Biosynthesis ◽

High Concentrations

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a purine alkaloid that is present in high concentrations in the tea plant Camellia sinensis. Caffeine synthase (CS, EC 2.1.1.160) catalyzes the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent N-3- and N-1-methylation of the purine base to form caffeine, the last step in the purine alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. We studied the expression profile of the tea caffeine synthase (TCS) gene in developing leaves and flowers by means of northern blot analysis, and compared it with those of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74), and S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthase (SAMS, EC 2.5.1.6). The amount of TCS transcripts was highest in young leaves and declined markedly during leaf development, whereas it remained constant throughout the development of the flower. Environmental stresses other than heavy metal stress and plant hormone treatments had no effect on the expression of TCS genes, unlike the other three genes. Drought stress suppressed TCS gene expression in leaves, and the expression pattern mirrored that of the dehydrin gene. The amounts of TCS transcripts increased slightly on supply of a nitrogen source. We discuss the regulation of TCS gene expression

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Characterization of genome-wide genetic variations between two varieties of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and development of InDel markers for genetic research

10.21203/rs.2.14507/v3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Shengrui Liu ◽

Yanlin An ◽

Wei Tong ◽

Xiuju Qin ◽

Lidia Samarina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Genetic Research ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Genetic Variations ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Plant Genome ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Indel Markers ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Caffeine Biosynthesis

Abstract Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels) are the major genetic variations and are distributed extensively across the whole plant genome. However, few studies of these variations have been conducted in the long-lived perennial tea plant. Results: In this study, we investigated the genome-wide genetic variations between Camellia sinensis var. sinensis ‘Shuchazao’ and Camellia sinensis var. assamica ‘Yunkang 10’, identified 7,511,731 SNPs and 255,218 InDels based on their whole genome sequences, and we subsequently analyzed their distinct types and distribution patterns. A total of 48 InDel markers that yielded polymorphic and unambiguous fragments were developed when screening six tea cultivars. These markers were further deployed on forty-six tea cultivars for transferability and genetic diversity analysis, exhibiting information with an average 4.02 of the number of alleles (Na) and 0.457 of polymorphism information content (PIC). The dendrogram showed that the phylogenetic relationships among these tea cultivars are highly consistent with their genetic backgrounds or original places. Interestingly, we observed that the catechin/caffeine contents between ‘Shuchazao’ and ‘Yunkang 10’ were significantly different, and a large number of SNPs/InDels were identified within catechin/caffeine biosynthesis-related genes. Conclusion: The identified genome-wide genetic variations and newly-developed InDel markers will provide a valuable resource for tea plant genetic and genomic studies, especially the SNPs/InDels within catechin/caffeine biosynthesis-related genes, which may serve as pivotal candidates for elucidating the molecular mechanism governing catechin/caffeine biosynthesis.

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