Cation/Ca2+ Exchanger 1 (MdCCX1), a Plasma Membrane-Localized Na+ Transporter, Enhances Plant Salt Tolerance by Inhibiting Excessive Accumulation of Na+ and Reactive Oxygen Species

High salinity causes severe damage to plant growth and significantly reduces crop yields. The CCX family proteins can facilitate the transport of multiple ions to prevent toxicity. CCX proteins play an important role in regulating plant salt tolerance, but no detailed studies on CCX proteins in apples have been reported. Here, the CCX family gene MdCCX1 was cloned from apple (Malus domestica). It is constitutively expressed in various apple tissues and is significantly induced by salt stress. As a plasma membrane-localized protein, MdCCX1-overexpression could complement the Na+-sensitive phenotype of yeast mutants and reduce the Na+ content in yeast cells under NaCl treatment, suggesting that MdCCX1 could be a plasma membrane-localized Na+ transporter. To identify the function of MdCCX1 in salt response, we transformed this gene into Arabidopsis, apple calli, and apple plants. Overexpression of MdCCX1 significantly improved the salt tolerance of these transgenic materials. The significantly reduced Na+ content under NaCl treatment indicated that MdCCX1 overexpression could enhance plant salt tolerance by inhibiting the excessive accumulation of Na+. Besides, MdCCX1 overexpression could also enhance plant salt tolerance by promoting ROS scavenging. These findings provide new insight and rich resources for future studies of CCX proteins in plant species.

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Plasma Membrane Na+/H+ Antiporter Is Involved in Plant Salt Tolerance

CHINESE BULLETIN OF BOTANY ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1259.2011.00206 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 206-215

Author(s):

Ma Qing ◽

Bao Aike ◽

Wu Guoqiang ◽

Wang Suomin

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Plant Salt Tolerance

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Characterization of micron-scale protein-depleted plasma membrane domains in phosphatidylserine-deficient yeast cells

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.256529 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 135 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Tetsuo Mioka ◽

Tian Guo ◽

Shiyao Wang ◽

Takuma Tsuji ◽

Takuma Kishimoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Phase Separation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Living Cells ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Membrane Domain ◽

Cellular Functions ◽

Artificial Membranes ◽

Yeast Mutants

ABSTRACT Membrane phase separation to form micron-scale domains of lipids and proteins occurs in artificial membranes; however, a similar large-scale phase separation has not been reported in the plasma membrane of the living cells. We show here that a stable micron-scale protein-depleted region is generated in the plasma membrane of yeast mutants lacking phosphatidylserine at high temperatures. We named this region the ‘void zone’. Transmembrane proteins and certain peripheral membrane proteins and phospholipids are excluded from the void zone. The void zone is rich in ergosterol, and requires ergosterol and sphingolipids for its formation. Such properties are also found in the cholesterol-enriched domains of phase-separated artificial membranes, but the void zone is a novel membrane domain that requires energy and various cellular functions for its formation. The formation of the void zone indicates that the plasma membrane in living cells has the potential to undergo phase separation with certain lipid compositions. We also found that void zones were frequently in contact with vacuoles, in which a membrane domain was also formed at the contact site.

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Phosphatidylserine Synthase From Salicornia Europaea Is Involved In Plant Salt Tolerance By Regulating Plasma Membrane Stability

Plant and Cell Physiology ◽

10.1093/pcp/pcaa141 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sulian Lv ◽

Fang Tai ◽

Jie Guo ◽

Ping Jiang ◽

Kangqi Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Ion Homeostasis ◽

Salicornia Europaea ◽

Suspension Cells ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Membrane Injury ◽

Base Exchange ◽

Phosphatidylserine Synthase ◽

Plant Salt Tolerance

Abstract Salinity-induced lipid alterations have been reported in many plant species, however, how lipid biosynthesis and metabolism are regulated and how lipids work in plant salt tolerance are much less studied. Here a constitutively much higher phosphatidylserine (PS) content in plasma membrane (PM) was found in the euhalophyte Salicornia europaea than Arabidopsis. A gene encoding phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS) was subsequently isolated from S. europaea, named SePSS, which was induced by salinity. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis suggested SePSS belong to base-exchange-type PSS, which locates in endoplasmic reticulum. Knockdown of SePSS in S. europaea suspension cells resulted in reduced PS content, decreased cell survival rate, increased PM depolarization and K+ efflux under 400 or 800 mM NaCl. By contrast, upregulation of SePSS leads to increased PS and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels and enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis, along with lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species, less membrane injury, less PM depolarization and higher K+/Na+ in the transgenic lines than WT. These results suggest the positive correlation between PS levels and plant salt tolerance, and SePSS participates in plant salt tolerance by regulating PS levels, hence PM potential and permeability, which help maintain ion homeostasis. Our work provides a potential strategy for improving plant growth under multiple stresses.

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Ascorbic Acid Modulation by ABI4 Transcriptional Repression of VTC2 in The Salt Tolerance of Arabidopsis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-116368/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiamusiya Kakan ◽

Yanwen Yu ◽

Shenghui Li ◽

Xiaoying Li ◽

Rongfeng Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Transcriptional Repression ◽

Early Stage ◽

Stress Sensitivity ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Ros Scavenging ◽

Plant Salt Tolerance

Abstract Background:Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant abiotic stress responses, and ABA INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) is a pivotal transcription factor in the ABA signaling pathway. In Arabidopsis, ABI4 negatively regulates salt tolerance; however, the mechanism through which ABI4 regulates plant salt tolerance is poorly understood. Our previous study showed that ABI4 directly binds to the promoter of the VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE 2 (VTC2) gene, inhibiting the transcription of VTC2 and ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis.Results: In the present study, we found that treatment with exogenous AsA could alleviate salt stress sensitivity of ABI4-overexpressing transgenic plants. The decreased AsA content and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in ABI4-overexpressing seedlings under salt treatment indicated that AsA-promoted ROS scavenging was related to ABI4-mediated salt tolerance. Gene expression analysis showed that ABI4 was induced at the early stage of salt stress, giving rise to reduced VTC2 expression. Accordingly, the abundance of the VTC2 protein decreased under the same salt stress conditions, and was absent in the ABI4 loss-of-function mutants, suggesting that the transcriptional inhibition of ABI4 on VTC2 resulted in the attenuation of VTC2 function. In addition, other encoding genes in the AsA biosynthesis and recycling pathways showed different responses to salt stress, demonstrating that AsA homeostasis is complicated under salinity stress. Conclusions: This study elucidates the negative modulation of ABI4 in salt stress tolerance through the regulation of AsA biosynthesis and ROS accumulation in plants.

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In silico characterization of GmSOS1 provides a comprehensive understanding for its role in soybean salt tolerance

10.1101/2020.02.21.951061 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zhi-Chao Mei ◽

Ling-Yan Yang ◽

Zhi-Min Liu ◽

Qi-Li Tang ◽

Xin-Zhao Hou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

In Silico ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Interaction Network ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Protein Protein Interaction ◽

Plant Salt Tolerance ◽

Primary Basis

AbstractPlant SOS1 encodes plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter, which helps in the exclusion of Na+ and improves plant salt tolerance. However, detailed studies of SOS1 in the important oil crop, soybean (Glycine max), are still lacking. In the present study, we carried out a comprehensive in silico analysis of SOS1 in soybean. Referring to the analysis of physicochemical properties and structural characteristics, the GmSOS1 is an acidic protein with instability and hydrophobicity. Subcellular localization of GmSOS1 supports the presumption that GmSOS1 is a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter. Post-translational modification site prediction indicates 4 amino acids that may be phosphorylated. Further, the protein-protein interaction network and co-functional network signify the potential role of GmSOS1 in salt stress tolerance. Although the interaction between GmSOS1 and GmHKT1 remains elusive, some of the intermediary signaling components of SOS pathway in soybean have been predicted. In addition, in silico expression analysis based on transcriptome datasets using publicly available database revealed that GmSOS1 was differentially expressed in tissues and different times. Due to the analysis of its regulation mechanism, we found transcription factors such as WRKY and ERF as well as three miRNAs can regulate the expression of GmSOS1. Phylogenetic analysis using the homologous amino acid sequence of SOS1s from 26 species was performed to study the conserved motifs among these SOS1 members. Overall, we provide an extensive analysis of the GmSOS1 and it promises the primary basis for the study in development and response to salt tolerance.

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Ascorbic acid modulation by ABI4 transcriptional repression of VTC2 in the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02882-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiamusiya Kakan ◽

Yanwen Yu ◽

Shenghui Li ◽

Xiaoying Li ◽

Rongfeng Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Transcriptional Repression ◽

Early Stage ◽

Stress Sensitivity ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Ros Scavenging ◽

Plant Salt Tolerance

Abstract Background Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant abiotic stress responses, and ABA INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) is a pivotal transcription factor in the ABA signaling pathway. In Arabidopsis, ABI4 negatively regulates salt tolerance; however, the mechanism through which ABI4 regulates plant salt tolerance is poorly understood. Our previous study showed that ABI4 directly binds to the promoter of the VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE 2 (VTC2) gene, inhibiting the transcription of VTC2 and ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis. Results In the present study, we found that treatment with exogenous AsA could alleviate salt stress sensitivity of ABI4-overexpressing transgenic plants. The decreased AsA content and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in ABI4-overexpressing seedlings under salt treatment indicated that AsA-promoted ROS scavenging was related to ABI4-mediated salt tolerance. Gene expression analysis showed that ABI4 was induced at the early stage of salt stress, giving rise to reduced VTC2 expression. Accordingly, the abundance of the VTC2 protein decreased under the same salt stress conditions, and was absent in the ABI4 loss-of-function mutants, suggesting that the transcriptional inhibition of ABI4 on VTC2 resulted in the attenuation of VTC2 function. In addition, other encoding genes in the AsA biosynthesis and recycling pathways showed different responses to salt stress, demonstrating that AsA homeostasis is complicated under salinity stress. Conclusions This study elucidates the negative modulation of ABI4 in salt stress tolerance through the regulation of AsA biosynthesis and ROS accumulation in plants.

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Heterogeneity of Size and Distribution of Intramembrane Particles in the Plasma Membrane of Yeast

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100080407 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 596-597

Author(s):

E. Keyhani

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Candida Utilis ◽

Synthetic Medium ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Translational Diffusion ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Intramembrane Particles ◽

The Matrix ◽

Water Cell

The matrix of biological membranes consists of a lipid bilayer into which proteins or protein aggregates are intercalated. Freeze-fracture techni- ques permit these proteins, perhaps in association with lipids, to be visualized in the hydrophobic regions of the membrane. Thus, numerous intramembrane particles (IMP) have been found on the fracture faces of membranes from a wide variety of cells (1-3). A recognized property of IMP is their tendency to form aggregates in response to changes in experi- mental conditions (4,5), perhaps as a result of translational diffusion through the viscous plane of the membrane. The purpose of this communica- tion is to describe the distribution and size of IMP in the plasma membrane of yeast (Candida utilis).Yeast cells (ATCC 8205) were grown in synthetic medium (6), and then harvested after 16 hours of culture, and washed twice in distilled water. Cell pellets were suspended in growth medium supplemented with 30% glycerol and incubated for 30 minutes at 0°C, centrifuged, and prepared for freeze-fracture, as described earlier (2,3).

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Deformation of Yeast Plasma Membrane by Ethidium Bromide

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100103334 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 254-255

Author(s):

E. Keyhani

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Thin Section ◽

Ethidium Bromide ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Mutagenic Effect ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Hydrophobic Region ◽

Thin Section Electron Microscopy ◽

Section Electron ◽

Deep Pits

The mutagenic effect of ethidium bromide on the mitochondrial DNA is well established. Using thin section electron microscopy, it was shown that when yeast cells were grown in the presence of ethidium bromide, besides alterations in the mitochondria, the plasma membrane also showed alterations consisting of 75 to 110 nm-deep pits. Furthermore, ethidium bromide induced an increase in the length and number of endoplasmic reticulum and in the number of intracytoplasmic vesicles.Freeze-fracture, by splitting the hydrophobic region of the membrane, allows the visualization of the surface view of the membrane, and consequently, any alteration induced by ethidium bromide on the membrane can be better examined by this method than by the thin section method.Yeast cells, Candida utilis. were grown in the presence of 35 μM ethidium bromide. Cells were harvested and freeze-fractured according to the procedure previously described.

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