A Grand Challenge in Development and Evodevo: Quantifying the Role of Development in Evolution

We propose that the pre-eminent ‘grand challenge’ for organization theorists today is the societal control of powerful corporations. This grand challenge is the more urgent because of the contemporary inadequacies of markets, hierarchies and regulations as instruments of control. We argue for the potential role of ‘open strategy’ in mobilizing normative controls over big business. We develop a distinction between the managed and unmanaged practices of open strategy. Both can help expose corporations to normative pressures, but we highlight the unmanaged open practices of collective subpolitics and individualist whistleblowing. Especially when mobilized by globally networked professionals, these unmanaged practices can subject corporations to normative pressures where markets, hierarchies and regulations fail. We propose two broad research themes relevant to the effectiveness of managed and unmanaged practices of strategic openness: on the one hand, there are material issues to do with labour markets, organizing and technologies; on the other hand, there are discursive questions of authenticity, capability and identity.

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Automated cephalometric landmark detection with confidence regions using Bayesian convolutional neural networks

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-020-01256-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jeong-Hoon Lee ◽

Hee-Jin Yu ◽

Min-ji Kim ◽

Jin-Woo Kim ◽

Jongeun Choi

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Convolutional Neural Networks ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Confidence Regions ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Uncertainty Prediction ◽

Integral Role ◽

Roi Extraction ◽

Aided Diagnosis

Abstract Background Despite the integral role of cephalometric analysis in orthodontics, there have been limitations regarding the reliability, accuracy, etc. of cephalometric landmarks tracing. Attempts on developing automatic plotting systems have continuously been made but they are insufficient for clinical applications due to low reliability of specific landmarks. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel framework for locating cephalometric landmarks with confidence regions using Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks (BCNN). Methods We have trained our model with the dataset from the ISBI 2015 grand challenge in dental X-ray image analysis. The overall algorithm consisted of a region of interest (ROI) extraction of landmarks and landmarks estimation considering uncertainty. Prediction data produced from the Bayesian model has been dealt with post-processing methods with respect to pixel probabilities and uncertainties. Results Our framework showed a mean landmark error (LE) of 1.53 ± 1.74 mm and achieved a successful detection rate (SDR) of 82.11, 92.28 and 95.95%, respectively, in the 2, 3, and 4 mm range. Especially, the most erroneous point in preceding studies, Gonion, reduced nearly halves of its error compared to the others. Additionally, our results demonstrated significantly higher performance in identifying anatomical abnormalities. By providing confidence regions (95%) that consider uncertainty, our framework can provide clinical convenience and contribute to making better decisions. Conclusion Our framework provides cephalometric landmarks and their confidence regions, which could be used as a computer-aided diagnosis tool and education.

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Multiscale Molecular Modelling of ATP-fueled Supramolecular Polymerisation and Depolymerisation

10.26434/chemrxiv.12722555.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Claudio Perego ◽

Luca Pesce ◽

Riccardo Capelli ◽

Subi J. George ◽

Giovanni M. Pavan

Keyword(s):

Molecular Modelling ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Rational Design ◽

Atp Hydrolysis ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Molecular Systems ◽

Artificial Materials ◽

Profound Knowledge ◽

General Aspects

Fuel-regulated self-assembly is a key principle by which Nature creates spatiotemporally controlled materials and dynamic molecular systems that are in continuous communication (molecular exchange) with the external environment. Designing artificial materials that self-assemble and disassemble via conversion/consumption of a chemical fuel is a grand challenge in supramolecular chemistry, which requires a profound knowledge of the factors governing these complex systems. Here we focus on recently reported metal-coordinated monomers that polymerise in the presence of ATP and depolymerise upon ATP hydrolysis, exploring their fuel-regulated self-assembly/disassembly via multiscale molecular modelling. We use all-atom simulations to assess the role of ATP in stabilising these monomers in assemblies, and we then build on a minimalistic model to investigate their fuel-driven polymerization and depolymerization on a higher scale. In this way, we elucidate general aspects of fuel-regulated self-assembly that are important toward the rational design of new types of bioinspired materials.

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Increasing Participation in the American Nurses Association's Healthy Nurse Healthy Nation Grand Challenge in a College Setting

10.28971/532019he138 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Emily Haynes

Keyword(s):

Health Behaviors ◽

Role Models ◽

Ecological Model ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Student Nurses ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Education Practice ◽

Health Coaches ◽

College Setting

The health status of Americans ranks poorly compared to other nations. The health behaviors of American nurses are worse than the general population. Healthy Nurse Health Nation (HNHN) is the American Nurses’ Association’s (ANA’s) program to encourage healthy lifestyle practices among nurses with the ultimate goal of improving population health by creating a healthier nursing workforce able to be more credible as health coaches. This paper reviews literature on workplace and college health programs, health behaviors of nurses and student nurses, and the idea of nurses as role models. The Logic Model was used to guide implementation of the program and the Ecological Model was used for evaluating the project. This project promoted HNHN in a college setting through in person presentations. Thirty-two students and faculty completed retrospective pre/post surveys, and results showed small self-reported changes in participation. There was an increase from five to 10 members of the RIC HNHN online group. Limitations included limited contact between the researchers and participants, reliance on university email for communication, a lack of graduate student data, and a lack of changes to the environment. The author recommends increasing contact between the researchers and students/faculty and making changes to the environment to make healthy choices the default option. The role of the advanced practice nurse is discussed and includes implications for practice related to education, practice, policy, and research.

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In Search of Model Ecological Systems for Understanding Specialized Metabolism

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00175-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Rita C. Pessotti ◽

Bridget L. Hansen ◽

Matthew F. Traxler

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Ecological Systems ◽

Community Level ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Specialized Metabolism ◽

Specialized Metabolites ◽

Community Function ◽

Multiple Levels ◽

Dynamic Communities

ABSTRACT Microbes occupy diverse habitats, forming interconnected, dynamic communities. Elucidating the principles of microbial community function is a grand challenge for microbiology, and it will entail experiments that engage microbiomes across multiple levels of complexity. For example, community-level hypotheses often require testing at the mechanistic and/or genetic levels, while mechanistic relationships require community-level evaluation to understand their importance in context. In this Perspective, we articulate the need for model microbiome systems that enable experimentation in both community and reductionist frameworks, with an emphasis on understanding the role of specialized metabolites in microbial communities. We consider essential criteria for developing such model microbiome systems and discuss potential future models that address the ecology of specialized metabolism.

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Perspective: The Experimentalist and the Problem of Turbulence in the Age of Supercomputers

Journal of Fluids Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.2817368 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 118 (2) ◽

pp. 233-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Morteza Gharib

Keyword(s):

Fluid Mechanics ◽

Turbulent Flows ◽

Computational Fluid Mechanics ◽

Mapping Technique ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Flow Mapping ◽

Digital Revolution ◽

Experimental Fluid Mechanics ◽

Experimental Fluid

Due to the rising capabilities of computational fluid mechanics (CFD), the role of the experimentalist in solving the problem of turbulence has come under serious question. However, after much initial excitement by the prospect of CFD, the basic understanding of non-linear fluid phenomena such as turbulence still remains a grand challenge and will remain so into the unforeseeable future. It appears that in order to accelerate the development of a comprehensive and practical understanding and modeling of turbulence, it is required that a constructive synergism between experiments and simulations be created. Moreover, the digital revolution has helped experimental fluid mechanics to acquire new capabilities in the whole-field flow mapping technique which enables it to efficiently interface with CFD. This new horizon is promising in its capabilities to guide, validate and actively interact in conducting reliable simulations of turbulent flows.

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Strategizing for grand challenges: economic development and governance traditions in Malaysian local government

International Review of Administrative Sciences ◽

10.1177/00208523211048167 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002085232110481

Author(s):

Jeffrey Hughes ◽

Kevin Orr ◽

Mazlan Yusoff

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Strategic Management ◽

Public Management ◽

New Public Management ◽

Local Governance ◽

Strategy Development ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Grand Challenges ◽

New Public

This qualitative study provides empirical knowledge and develops theory about the role of strategic management in Malaysian local government. As the country addresses the grand challenge of economic growth amid enduring national aspirations of moving from developing to fully developed status, the analysis identifies six approaches to strategic management across nine Malaysian local authorities. Rather than presenting a linear story of progression, the six models of strategizing in Malaysia illuminate the governance traditions that co-exist in this setting. The study examines the assumptions about public management that underpin the different approaches and relates these to the country's inheritance of classical public administration and centralized government, the introduction of New Public Management, and the subsequent emergence of features of New Public Governance. It contributes to theory by providing an analysis of the role of strategy in each of the three governance traditions and connects debates about local governance with scholarship on strategic management. It also contributes to the emerging literature on strategizing for grand challenges and the limited repository of such studies located in a public sector context. The article ends by identifying the implications for policy and practice and suggesting areas for further research. Points for practitioners This study highlights the need for collaboration to address strategic meta problems, manage economic pressures and deliver public services. The six approaches to strategy development presented provide a set of models and frames through which practitioners may assess their local environment. Our typology offers a basis for cross-sectoral learning and reflection, including ways of diagnosing contextual variables and developing strategic knowledge. The Malaysian case shows how the context of strategy formation has been affected by the shift from local government to governance, as well as by interacting colonial legacies.

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Multiscale Molecular Modelling of ATP-fueled Supramolecular Polymerisation and Depolymerisation

10.26434/chemrxiv.12722555 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Claudio Perego ◽

Luca Pesce ◽

Riccardo Capelli ◽

Subi J. George ◽

Giovanni M. Pavan

Keyword(s):

Molecular Modelling ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Rational Design ◽

Atp Hydrolysis ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Molecular Systems ◽

Artificial Materials ◽

Profound Knowledge ◽

General Aspects

Fuel-regulated self-assembly is a key principle by which Nature creates spatiotemporally controlled materials and dynamic molecular systems that are in continuous communication (molecular exchange) with the external environment. Designing artificial materials that self-assemble and disassemble via conversion/consumption of a chemical fuel is a grand challenge in supramolecular chemistry, which requires a profound knowledge of the factors governing these complex systems. Here we focus on recently reported metal-coordinated monomers that polymerise in the presence of ATP and depolymerise upon ATP hydrolysis, exploring their fuel-regulated self-assembly/disassembly via multiscale molecular modelling. We use all-atom simulations to assess the role of ATP in stabilising these monomers in assemblies, and we then build on a minimalistic model to investigate their fuel-driven polymerization and depolymerization on a higher scale. In this way, we elucidate general aspects of fuel-regulated self-assembly that are important toward the rational design of new types of bioinspired materials.

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Role of Socially-Equitable Economic Development in Creating Resilient and Sustainable Systems: COVID-19-Related Reflections

10.20944/preprints202004.0336.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy ◽

Samuel Labi ◽

Brian Woodall ◽

Greg Marsden ◽

Emily Grubert

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

21St Century ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Sustainable Infrastructure ◽

Equal Distribution ◽

Sustainable Systems ◽

The Past

This paper aims to provoke fundamental thinking and action around the value and importance of socially-equitable development to the economic advancement, resilience, and prosperity of communities, as we contend with the 21st Century grand challenge of the changing climate and disasters. As local communities and the global community have experienced an increased frequency, intensity and duration of natural and man-made disasters over the past several decades, opportunities have also grown to identify and reap the benefits of socially-equitable economic development. Reflecting on the COVID-19 pandemic, we discuss the critical importance of socially-equitable economic development to the resilience and sustainability of communities and the infrastructure that supports them. To this end, we: (1) examine what constitutes socially-equitable economic development at different spatial scales of community; (2) explore whether socially-equitable development can occur at different scales of community; (3) explicate the importance of formally considering the inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes for socially-equitable development; (4) explain why the pursuit of equal distribution of the benefits and burdens of development is a necessary but not sufficient endeavor for socially-equitable economic development; (5) analyze the relationships between socially-equitable development, and resilient and sustainable infrastructure and communities; (6) explain why socially-equitable development should be a key component of infrastructure and community resilience strategies in the 21st Century; and, (7) explain why socially-equitable development can ultimately be viewed as a long-term strategy for prosperity.

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Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.195.12.1005 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 195 (12) ◽

pp. 1005-1009 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

D. J. Fernbach

Keyword(s):

Wilms Tumor

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