scholarly journals Genetic Transformation of Sugarcane, Current Status and Future Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florencia Budeguer ◽  
Ramón Enrique ◽  
María Francisca Perera ◽  
Josefina Racedo ◽  
Atilio Pedro Castagnaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Transgenic Sugarcane ◽  
New Genotype

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a tropical and sub-tropical, vegetative-propagated crop that contributes to approximately 80% of the sugar and 40% of the world’s biofuel production. Modern sugarcane cultivars are highly polyploid and aneuploid hybrids with extremely large genomes (>10 Gigabases), that have originated from artificial crosses between the two species, Saccharum officinarum and S. spontaneum. The genetic complexity and low fertility of sugarcane under natural growing conditions make traditional breeding improvement extremely laborious, costly and time-consuming. This, together with its vegetative propagation, which allows for stable transfer and multiplication of transgenes, make sugarcane a good candidate for crop improvement through genetic engineering. Genetic transformation has the potential to improve economically important properties in sugarcane as well as diversify sugarcane beyond traditional applications, such as sucrose production. Traits such as herbicide, disease and insect resistance, improved tolerance to cold, salt and drought and accumulation of sugar and biomass have been some of the areas of interest as far as the application of transgenic sugarcane is concerned. Although there have been much interest in developing transgenic sugarcane there are only three officially approved varieties for commercialization, all of them expressing insect-resistance and recently released in Brazil. Since the early 1990’s, different genetic transformation systems have been successfully developed in sugarcane, including electroporation, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and biobalistics. However, genetic transformation of sugarcane is a very laborious process, which relies heavily on intensive and sophisticated tissue culture and plant generation procedures that must be optimized for each new genotype to be transformed. Therefore, it remains a great technical challenge to develop an efficient transformation protocol for any sugarcane variety that has not been previously transformed. Additionally, once a transgenic event is obtained, molecular studies required for a commercial release by regulatory authorities, which include transgene insertion site, number of transgenes and gene expression levels, are all hindered by the genomic complexity and the lack of a complete sequenced reference genome for this crop. The objective of this review is to summarize current techniques and state of the art in sugarcane transformation and provide information on existing and future sugarcane improvement by genetic engineering.

scholarly journals Sugarcane Omics: An Update on the Current Status of Research and Crop Improvement

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ali ◽  
Mehran Khan ◽  
Rahat Sharif ◽  
Muhammad Mujtaba ◽  
San-Ji Gao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses

Sugarcane is an important crop from Poaceae family, contributing about 80% of the total world’s sucrose with an annual value of around US$150 billion. In addition, sugarcane is utilized as a raw material for the production of bioethanol, which is an alternate source of renewable energy. Moving towards sugarcane omics, a remarkable success has been achieved in gene transfer from a wide variety of plant and non-plant sources to sugarcane, with the accessibility of efficient transformation systems, selectable marker genes, and genetic engineering gears. Genetic engineering techniques make possible to clone and characterize useful genes and also to improve commercially important traits in elite sugarcane clones that subsequently lead to the development of an ideal cultivar. Sugarcane is a complex polyploidy crop, and hence no single technique has been found to be the best for the confirmation of polygenic and phenotypic characteristics. To better understand the application of basic omics in sugarcane regarding agronomic characters and industrial quality traits as well as responses to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, it is important to explore the physiology, genome structure, functional integrity, and collinearity of sugarcane with other more or less similar crops/plants. Genetic improvements in this crop are hampered by its complex genome, low fertility ratio, longer production cycle, and susceptibility to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotechnology interventions are expected to pave the way for addressing these obstacles and improving sugarcane crop. Thus, this review article highlights up to date information with respect to how advanced data of omics (genomics, transcriptomic, proteomics and metabolomics) can be employed to improve sugarcane crops.

scholarly journals Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés M. Bellido ◽  
Eduado D. Souza Canadá ◽  
Hugo R. Permingeat ◽  
Viviana Echenique
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Plant Transformation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Apomictic Species ◽  
Transformation Methods

The available methods for plant transformation and expansion beyond its limits remain especially critical for crop improvement. For grass species, this is even more critical, mainly due to drawbacks in in vitro regeneration. Despite the existence of many protocols in grasses to achieve genetic transformation through Agrobacterium or biolistic gene delivery, their efficiencies are genotype-dependent and still very low due to the recalcitrance of these species to in vitro regeneration. Many plant transformation facilities for cereals and other important crops may be found around the world in universities and enterprises, but this is not the case for apomictic species, many of which are C4 grasses. Moreover, apomixis (asexual reproduction by seeds) represents an additional constraint for breeding. However, the transformation of an apomictic clone is an attractive strategy, as the transgene is immediately fixed in a highly adapted genetic background, capable of large-scale clonal propagation. With the exception of some species like Brachiaria brizantha which is planted in approximately 100 M ha in Brazil, apomixis is almost non-present in economically important crops. However, as it is sometimes present in their wild relatives, the main goal is to transfer this trait to crops to fix heterosis. Until now this has been a difficult task, mainly because many aspects of apomixis are unknown. Over the last few years, many candidate genes have been identified and attempts have been made to characterize them functionally in Arabidopsis and rice. However, functional analysis in true apomictic species lags far behind, mainly due to the complexity of its genomes, of the trait itself, and the lack of efficient genetic transformation protocols. In this study, we review the current status of the in vitro culture and genetic transformation methods focusing on apomictic grasses, and the prospects for the application of new tools assayed in other related species, with two aims: to pave the way for discovering the molecular pathways involved in apomixis and to develop new capacities for breeding purposes because many of these grasses are important forage or biofuel resources.

Microalgal Co-cultivation for Biofuel Production and Bioremediation: Current Status and Benefits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabir Kumar Das ◽  
Jyoti Rani ◽  
Shweta Rawat ◽  
Sanjay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Current Status

Genetic engineering for peanut improvement: current status and prospects

2016 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garladinne Mallikarjuna ◽  
Tata Santosh Rama Bhadra Rao ◽  
P. B. Kirti
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Current Status

scholarly journals Genetic engineering of cotton with a novel cry2AX1 gene to impart insect resistance against Helicoverpa armigera

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karunamurthy Dhivya ◽  
Sundararajan Sathish ◽  
Natarajan Balakrishnan ◽  
Varatharajalu Udayasuriyan ◽  
Duraialagaraja Sudhakar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera

Genetic transformation of fruit trees: current status and remaining challenges

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Gambino ◽  
Ivana Gribaudo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Current Status

scholarly journals Genetic Transformation of Crops for Insect Resistance: Potential and Limitations

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari C. Sharma ◽  
Kiran K. Sharma ◽  
Jonathan H. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Insect Resistance

scholarly journals Efficient Genetic Transformation of Rice for CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Genome-Editing and Stable Overexpression Studies: A Case Study on Rice Lipase 1 and Galactinol Synthase Encoding Genes

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Tanika Thakur ◽  
Kshitija Sinha ◽  
Tushpinder Kaur ◽  
Ritu Kapoor ◽  
Gulshan Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rice Transformation ◽  
Transformation Protocol ◽  
Galactinol Synthase ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Putative Transformants ◽  
Efficient Genetic Transformation

Rice is a staple food crop for almost half of the world’s population, especially in the developing countries of Asia and Africa. It is widely grown in different climatic conditions, depending on the quality of the water, soil, and genetic makeup of the rice cultivar. Many (a)biotic stresses severely curtail rice growth and development, with an eventual reduction in crop yield. However, for molecular functional analysis, the availability of an efficient genetic transformation protocol is essential. To ensure food security and safety for the continuously increasing global population, the development of climate-resilient crops is crucial. Here, in this study, the rice transformation protocol has been effectively optimized for the efficient and rapid generation of rice transgenic plants. We also highlighted the critical steps and precautionary measures to be taken while performing the rice transformation. We further assess the efficacy of this protocol by transforming rice with two different transformation constructs for generating galactinol synthase (GolS) overexpression lines and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated edited lines of lipase (Lip) encoding the OsLip1 gene. The putative transformants were subjected to molecular analysis to confirm gene integration/editing, respectively. Collectively, the easy, efficient, and rapid rice transformation protocol used in this present study can be applied as a potential tool for gene(s) function studies in rice and eventually to the rice crop improvement.

scholarly journals Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Transformation of Embryogenic Callus and Somatic Embryos of the Banana cv “Ambon Lumut” (Musa acuminata)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tifa R. Kusumastuti ◽  
Rizkita R. Esyantia ◽  
Fenny M. Dwivany
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Gfp Gene ◽  
Culture Transformation ◽  
Biotechnological Approach

Banana is one of the major fruit crops, though its conventional breeding has limitations, such as sterility and high polyploidy  levels.  Biotechnological  approach  using genetic  transformation  crop for improvement  offers  an alternative  solution.  In  this  study  a  protocol  was developed  for  establishing genetic  transformation  from embryogenic callus and somatic embryos of the banana cv Ambon Lumut . Embryogenic callus was obtained in ID4 medium (MS-based medium) supplemented with 1 mg L-1 IAA, 4 mg L-1 2,4D, and 0.03 g L-1 active charcoal. Embryogenic callus was transferred into liquid mediu m to establish somatic embryos. Embryogenic callus and somatic embryos were used for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A. tumefaciens strain A GL1, containing pART-TEST7 p lasmid with gfp gene as a reporter and CaM V35S as a promoter, was used for transformations. The embryogenic callus and somatic embryos were transformed using heat-shock method followed by centrifugation  (2000 rpm) and co-cult ivation in liquid medium containing acetosyringone (100 M) for 3 days. Results of the GFP analysis showed transient expression from gfp gene reporter in transformed embryogenic callus and somatic embryos. Transformation efficiency in somatic embryos (85,9%) was higher than  that in embryogenic callus (32.09%). PCR analysis using CaMV primer showed bands that compatible with CaMV35S promoter at 507 bp. This is a report showing establisment of embryogenic callus and somatic embryo culture transformation by using A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol of the local banana cv Ambon Lumut. This study proved  the huge potential for genetic transformation of banana cv Ambon Lumut for crop improvement, such as pest or disease  resistance and abiotic factor stress tolerance. Keywords: banana; embryogenic callus; somatic embryos.

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