scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Selection Criteria of Candidates in Belgium

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Vandeleene ◽  
Emilie van Haute
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Liberal Party ◽  
Green Party ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Secret Garden ◽  
Design Selection ◽  
Party Institutionalization ◽  
Formal Rules

The literature on candidate selection has focussed extensively on the degree of inclusiveness and decentralization of the selectorate, as part of the debate on intra-party democracy. However, much less attention has been paid to the degree of openness of candidacies, or selection criteria within parties. Yet parties have a lot of leeway in how they design selection criteria internally. Which guidelines do parties follow when making the crucial choice on which candidates to select for elections? This paper investigates selection criteria from two perspectives: the formal rules set by parties that restrict the candidate’s pool and the (informal) preferences of selectors that shape who gets selected. We aim first at contrasting the degree of party institutionalization and parties’ formal rules in candidate selection and so, we shed light on whether parties formalise their candidacy requirements and candidate selection processes to the same extent as other party activities. Second, the paper investigates the role of the selectorates, and how selectorate’s characteristics matter for the kind of (informal) selection criteria, be they intended at maximizing offices, votes or policies. Drawing on party statutes coded in the Political Party Database (PPDB) and 23 in-depth interviews with selectors, we study three francophone Belgian parties that differ both in terms of inclusiveness of the selectorate who has the final say on candidate selection and in terms of degree of centralisation, and in terms of party institutionalisation: the green party (Ecolo), the socialist party (PS), and the liberal party (MR). Our comparative analysis of parties, selection criteria provides new insights into the secret garden of politics and highlights in particular the major impact of parties, degree of centralization.

scholarly journals Introduction

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 746-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryl Kenny ◽  
Tània Verge
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Social Bias ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Recruitment ◽  
The Secret Garden

Twenty years ago, Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski published the classic workPolitical Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament(1995), one of the most comprehensive accounts of legislative recruitment thus far. Seeking to explain the social bias evident in legislatures worldwide, Norris and Lovenduski focused on the central role of political parties, arguing that the outcome of parties’ selection processes could be understood in terms of the interaction between thesupplyof candidates wishing to stand for office and thedemandsof party gatekeepers who select the candidates. Indeed, in most countries, political parties control not only which candidates are recruited and selected, but also are the central actors involved in adopting and implementing candidate selection reforms such as gender quotas. Yet, two decades later, systematic studies of the “secret garden” of candidate selection and recruitment have been few and far between in the gender and politics literature. It therefore seems a particularly appropriate time to revisit the core preoccupations, puzzles, and challenges that remain in the field of gender and political recruitment.

scholarly journals Opening Up the Black Box: Gender and Candidate Selection in a New Era

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryl Kenny ◽  
Tània Verge
Keyword(s):  
Party Politics ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
New Era ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Secret Garden ◽  
Politics And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Recent global developments, including the feminization of parliaments and the rise of gender quotas, have transformed the ways in which parties and legislatures operate. This introduction to the special issue ‘Candidate Selection: Parties and Legislatures in a New Era’ puts these recent developments in context, making the case for revisiting the ‘secret garden’ of candidate selection in light of this ‘new era’ in politics. It sets out a critical dialogue between party politics and gender politics scholarship and points to the need for more research on how political parties facilitate or block women’s access to political office. Building on the burgeoning research on gender and political recruitment, it outlines how a gendered and institutional approach allows us to retheorize candidate selection processes and opens up new avenues for empirically examining the pathways prior to election. The article then introduces the papers in this special issue and concludes by evaluating the main implications of gendering analyses of candidate selection and party politics more broadly.

scholarly journals Salts of Therapeutic Agents: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Considerations

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Gupta ◽  
Deepak Bhatia ◽  
Vivek Dave ◽  
Vijaykumar Sutariya ◽  
Sheeba Varghese Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Salt Form ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Salt Selection ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties ◽  
Salt Forms

The physicochemical and biological properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are greatly affected by their salt forms. The choice of a particular salt formulation is based on numerous factors such as API chemistry, intended dosage form, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The appropriate salt can improve the overall therapeutic and pharmaceutical effects of an API. However, the incorrect salt form can have the opposite effect, and can be quite detrimental for overall drug development. This review summarizes several criteria for choosing the appropriate salt forms, along with the effects of salt forms on the pharmaceutical properties of APIs. In addition to a comprehensive review of the selection criteria, this review also gives a brief historic perspective of the salt selection processes.

scholarly journals Andalucía en imágenes: un viaje en el tiempo

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mª Elena Baynat Monreal
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Alexandre Dumas ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Different Sources

ABSTRACTWe propose a trip along time in three centuries -from the 19th to the 20th century- through the image of Andalusia exported to the travelers in different support media, according to the epoch chosen: etchings in white and black, colour drawings, and paper and digitalised photographs. With this aim in mind we will make a comparative analysis between the illustrations appearing in the French Travel story about Spain by Alexandre Dumas (De Paris à Cadix), from 1847, the pictures and drawings from the book L’Espagne, los provinces du sud, de Séville à Cordoue, written by Octave Aubry and published in 1929, and, finally, the promotional photographs appearing in Andalusia’s official tourism webpage (http://www.andalucia.org/) in 2012. The analysis of the different sources aforementioned, examples from the first half of each century, will lead us to study some coincidences and differences in the image exported to foreign tourists in the different epochs as well as the different selection criteria of the tourist attractions or the prevalence or not of the stereotypes throughout centuries, among other aspects.RESUMENProponemos un viaje en el tiempo de tres siglos desde el siglo XIX hasta el XXI a través de la imagen exportada de Andalucía a los viajeros en diferentes soportes, según la época elegida: grabados en blanco y negro, dibujos en color y fotos en papel o digitalizadas. Para ello realizaremos un análisis comparativo entre las ilustraciones aparecidas en el relato de viajes francés sobre España de Alexandre Dumas (De Paris à Cadix) de 1847; las fotos y los dibujos del libro L’Espagne, los provinces du sud, de Séville à Cordoue escrito por Octave Aubry y publicado en 1929; y, para finalizar, las fotos promo-cionales aparecidas en la página web oficial de turismo de Andalucía (http://www.andalucia.org/) en 2012. El análisis de estas diferentes fuentes citadas, ejemplos de la primera mitad de cada siglo, nos servirá para estudiar algunas coincidencias y diferencias en la imagen exportada a los turistas extranjeros en las diferentes épocas así como los diversos criterios de selección de los atractivos turísticos o el mantenimiento o no de los estereotipos a lo largo de los siglos, entre otros aspectos.

Mendelian Executive

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Levinthal
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Differential Selection ◽  
Selection Environment ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Internal Selection

A “Mendelian” executive is proposed as an image of strategy-making that lies intermediate between the grand strategist suggested by rational choice approaches and a Darwinian process of random variation and market-based differential selection. The Mendelian executive is capable of intentional design efforts in order to explore possible adjacent strategic spaces. Furthermore, the argument developed here highlights the role of intentionality with respect to selection processes within the organization, and the culling and amplification of strategic initiatives. The firm is viewed as operating an “artificial selection” environment in contrast to selection as the direct consequence of the outcome of competitive processes. Examining the nature of the processes generating these experimental variants and the bases of internal selection, and how these selection criteria may themselves change, is argued to be central to the formation of strategy in dynamic environments.

MCS Candidate Selection Criteria

2017 ◽  
pp. 37-58
Author(s):  
Cristiano Amarelli ◽  
Marianna Buonocore ◽  
Ciro Maiello ◽  
Andrea Montalto ◽  
Georg Wieselthaler
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Candidate Selection

Die formale Dimension der Kandidatenaufstellung: Satzungen im Parteien- und Zeitvergleich

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25
Author(s):  
Daniel Hellmann ◽  
Benjamin Höhne
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Voting Procedures ◽  
Formal Rules

Party statutes stipulate their internal rules . Among other things they address how candidates are selected, who is allowed to nominate candidates, who is eligible to stand as a candidate and which voting procedures apply . For the 2017 Bundestag election, we studied the CDU, CSU, SPD, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, Die Linke, FDP and AfD statues . As a consequence of Germany’s comparatively rigid legal frame for candidate selection all parties show several similarities but we were also able to identify a few differences . These differences indicate deviations in participation culture, e .g . how many members are allowed to nominate candidates, with smaller parties generally being more inclusive than bigger parties . AfD has the lowest grade of formal rules, which is owed to its relative short existence and therefore no need to institutionalize more formal rules . We also compared the aforementioned statues to the 2002 Bundestag election in a longitudinal analysis and concluded remarkable continuity and with only little change .

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