Exploring the Interplay Between Adversity, Neurocognition, Social Cognition, and Functional Outcome in People With Psychosis: A Narrative Review

History of adversity is associated with subsequent psychosis, and with a spectrum of cognitive alterations in individuals with psychosis. These cognitive features go from neurocognitive aspects as working memory and attention, to complex social cognitive processes as theory of mind and emotional perception. Difficulties in these domains impact patients' social and occupational functioning, which has been shown to be more impaired in those previously exposed to childhood trauma. However, the interplay between adversity, neurocognition, and functioning is yet poorly understood. This narrative review aims to explore the evidence on whether deficits in neurocognitive and social cognitive domains may act as possible putative mechanism linking adversity with functioning in people with psychosis. We show available evidence supporting the link between adversity and poorer functioning in psychosis, especially in chronic stages; and replicated evidence suggesting associations of social cognition and, to a lesser extent, neurocognition with impairment in functioning in patients; although there is still an important gap in the literature testing particularly deficits in social cognition as mediator of the link between adversity and functional decline in psychosis. Targeting interventions focusing on neurocognition and social cognition in individuals with adversity and psychosis seems important, given the severe deterioration of these patients in these domains, although more research is needed to test whether such treatments can specifically improve functioning in individuals with psychosis and adversity. Literature aiming to understand the determinants of functional outcome should consider the pervasive impact of childhood adversity, and its related effects on cognition.

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Interplay among positive and negative symptoms, neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcome in clinically stable patients with schizophrenia: a network analysis

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.74385.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 1258

Author(s):

Thammanard Charernboon

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Network Analysis ◽

Emotion Recognition ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Social Performance ◽

Positive Symptoms ◽

Impairment In Functioning ◽

The Mind ◽

Performance Scale

Background: Schizophrenia has a broad range of interrelated symptoms and impairment in functioning. The objective of the study was to explore the interplay between positive symptoms, negative symptoms, neurocognition, social cognition and functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia using network analysis. Methods: Participants were 64 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia. Psychopathologic, neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcome were measured using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III, Faces test, Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, and Personal Social Performance scale. Results: The network analysis suggested that functional outcome was the most central in the network followed by avolition and asociality. Functioning was directly connected to avolition, asociality, blunted affect, neurocognition and emotion recognition. The positive symptoms were the most remote and therefore the least important node. Conclusion: The high centrality of functioning suggests the need for improving of everyday life skills for patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, treatment of specific negative symptoms, neurocognition and emotion recognition could also enhance functional outcome.

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Social-Cognitive Bias and Depressive Symptoms in Outpatients with Bipolar Disorder

Depression Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2012/670549 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Guillermo Lahera ◽

Adolfo Benito ◽

Ana González-Barroso ◽

Rocío Guardiola ◽

Sara Herrera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Social Cognition ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Cognitive Bias ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Matched Control ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Global Functioning ◽

Bipolar Patients

A deficit of social cognition in bipolar disorder has been shown, even when patients are stable. This study compares the attribution of intentions (social-cognitive bias) in a group of 37 outpatients with bipolar disorder with 32 matched control subjects. Bipolar patients scored significantly higher in the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire, showing an angry and intentionality bias (P=.001,P=.02). Differences in blame scale and hostility bias did not reach statistical significance, but a trend was found (P=.06). Bipolar patients with depressive symptoms presented a higher score in the angry bias scale (P=.03) and aggressivity bias scale (P=.004). The global functioning (GAF) correlates significantly with intentionality (P=.005), angry (P=.027), and aggressivity (P=.020) biases. Bipolar patients show a social-cognitive bias that may play a role in their functional outcome.

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Lower- and Higher-Level Social Cognitive Factors Across Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls: Relationship With Neurocognition and Functional Outcome

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sby114 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 629-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lindsay D Oliver ◽

John D Haltigan ◽

James M Gold ◽

George Foussias ◽

Pamela DeRosse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Background Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) often feature social cognitive deficits. However, little work has focused on the factor structure of social cognition, and results have been inconsistent in schizophrenia. This study aimed to elucidate the factor structure of social cognition across people with SSDs and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that a 2-factor model, including lower-level “simulation” and higher-level “mentalizing” factors, would demonstrate the best fit across participants. Methods Participants with SSDs (N = 164) and healthy controls (N = 102) completed social cognitive tasks ranging from emotion recognition to complex mental state inference, as well as clinical and functional outcome, and neurocognitive measures. Structural equation modeling was used to test social cognitive models, models of social cognition and neurocognition, measurement invariance between cases and controls, and relationships with outcome measures. Results A 2-factor (simulation and mentalizing) model fit the social cognitive data best across participants and showed adequate measurement invariance in both SSD and control groups. Patients showed lower simulation and mentalizing scores than controls, but only mentalizing was significantly associated with negative symptoms and functional outcome. Social cognition also mediated the relationship between neurocognition and both negative symptoms and functional outcome. Conclusions These results uniquely indicate that distinct lower- and higher-level aspects of social cognition exist across SSDs and healthy controls. Further, mentalizing may be particularly linked to negative symptoms and functional outcome. This informs future studies of the neural circuitry underlying social cognition and the development of targeted treatment options for improving functional outcome.

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The effects of integrated treatment with atypical antipsychotics and social cognition training on functional outcome

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.973 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S68-S68

Author(s):

G. Sachs ◽

B. Winklbaur ◽

A. Erfurth

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Cognitive Training ◽

Atypical Antipsychotics ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Integrated Treatment ◽

The Core ◽

Conventional Antipsychotics ◽

Competing Interest ◽

Core Features

Social cognition is impaired in patients with schizophrenia [1]. This impairment is one of the core features of the illness and has a clear impact on functional outcome.While conventional antipsychotics might have a worsening effect on social cognition, e.g. on amygdala attenuation in fMRI studies on facial recognition [2], atypical antipsychotics might not show this effect [3].Social cognitive training [4] – such as the training of affect recognition [5] – is a promising approach in the treatment of schizophrenia.Holistic strategies including both treatment with atypical antipsychotics and social cognitive training can improve functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia [6].Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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How is the moral stance related to the intentional stance and group thinking?

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002413 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Hannes Rakoczy

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Intentional Stance ◽

Cognitive Capacities ◽

Shared Intentionality ◽

History Of ◽

Group Thinking ◽

Moral Stance

Abstract The natural history of our moral stance told here in this commentary reveals the close nexus of morality and basic social-cognitive capacities. Big mysteries about morality thus transform into smaller and more manageable ones. Here, I raise questions regarding the conceptual, ontogenetic, and evolutionary relations of the moral stance to the intentional and group stances and to shared intentionality.

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Revisiting the Natural History of Chronic Scaphoid Nonunions: A Retrospective Study of 20 Cases

Journal of Wrist Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1721435 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J. Terrence Jose Jerome

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Natural History ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Scaphoid Nonunion ◽

Proximal Pole ◽

Degenerative Arthritis ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

History Of ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background The natural history of scaphoid nonunion is the development of degenerative arthritis. A lot of information is still unclear about this progression. The purpose of this study is to analyze patients with scaphoid nonunions who had not received any kind of treatment and to assess the functional outcome. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study that analyzed the patients with chronic scaphoid nonunions between 2009 and 2019. None of the patients received any treatment. The age at the time of injury, examination, pattern of fracture, types of scaphoid nonunion, symptoms, and duration of nonunion were noted. Diagnosis was confirmed by radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Scapholunate and radiolunate angles were recorded. Pain score, modified mayo wrist score, grip strength, range of movement, and the functional outcome of these scaphoid nonunions were analyzed. A statistical correlation between the scaphoid nonunion presentations and the functional outcome was assessed. Results The mean age of the patients was 62 years (range: 35–82 years.). There were 17 male and 3 female patients. There were 9 waist and 11 proximal pole scaphoid nonunions. The mean duration of scaphoid nonunion was 34 years (range: 10–62 years). None of the patients had avascular necrosis (AVN) of the proximal scaphoid. The age at examination, gender, side of injury, fracture pattern (waist/proximal pole), fracture displacement ≤ 1 mm or > 1 mm, nonunion duration, and radiographic arthritic parameters had no significant impact on the functional outcome. Conclusions Untreated chronic scaphoid nonunion leads to the development of degenerative arthritis over a period of years, which is still unpredictable. Most of the patients become aware of the nonunion following a precedent injury or other reasons. Most of the patients have fair/good functional outcome despite reduced range of movements and grip strength. Many do not favor surgical intervention in the course of nonunion. Chronic nonunions open a lot of unanswered questions. Clinical relevance There have been numerous studies on the treatment aspects of scaphoid nonunion, with little knowledge about certain people with nonunion who did not have any kind of treatment. The demographics, clinical findings, and radiological parameters do confirm the progression of these nonunion to arthritis, but most of them had fair-to-good outcome throughout their life. It opens our thinking about the real need of treatment in such nonunions and raises numerous questions about the disease. Level of evidence This is a Level IV study.

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Using Psychedelics With Therapeutic Intent Is Associated With Lower Shame and Complex Trauma Symptoms in Adults With Histories of Child Maltreatment

Chronic Stress ◽

10.1177/24705470211029881 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 247054702110298

Author(s):

C. J. Healy ◽

Kellie Ann Lee ◽

Wendy D’Andrea

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Child Maltreatment ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Complex Trauma ◽

Self Concept ◽

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms ◽

Trauma Symptoms ◽

Internalized Shame ◽

Stress Symptoms ◽

History Of

Background Child maltreatment negatively affects the formation of internal schemata of self and other during development, leading to negative adaptations in self-concept and social cognition. Clinical reports suggest the efficacy of psychedelics in treating the psychopathological sequelae of child maltreatment. Altering maladaptive schemata of self and other implicated in negative self-concept and impaired social cognition may be a central mechanism for reducing posttraumatic stress symptoms. Aims This study aims to assess whether psychedelic use moderates the relationships between child maltreatment and self-concept, social cognition, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Method An online survey was completed by 166 participants and included measures of maltreatment exposure and severity, history of intentional therapeutic psychedelic use, posttraumatic stress symptoms, internalized shame, and facial emotion recognition. Results Child maltreatment significantly correlated with posttraumatic stress symptoms ( r = .26 and r = .20, p < .01) and internalized shame ( r = .18, p < .05). Of all maltreatment subtypes, emotional abuse and neglect most strongly correlated with complex trauma symptoms ( r = .32, p < .001) and internalized shame ( r = .31, p < .001). Participants with a history of intentional therapeutic psychedelic use reported significantly lower complex trauma symptoms ( d = 0.33, p < .05) and internalized shame ( d = 0.35, p < .05) despite similar histories of maltreatment. Differences in complex trauma symptoms ( d = 0.66, p < .01) and internalized shame ( d = 0.80, p < .001) were largest for participants with a history of more than 5 occasions of intentional therapeutic psychedelic use. A history of more than 5 occasions of intentional therapeutic psychedelic use significantly moderated the relationship between emotional abuse and neglect and complex trauma symptoms (p < .01). No associations were found between maltreatment or psychedelic use and facial emotion recognition. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that using psychedelic drugs with therapeutic intent is associated with lower levels of complex trauma symptoms and internalized shame in individuals with histories of child maltreatment. Psychedelic use may have therapeutic benefit in treating the posttraumatic sequelae of child maltreatment.

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Clinical symptoms, mainly negative symptoms, mediate the influence of neurocognition and social cognition on functional outcome of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Research ◽

10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 146 (1-3) ◽

pp. 231-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Chieh-Hsin Lin ◽

Chieh-Liang Huang ◽

Yue-Cune Chang ◽

Po-Wei Chen ◽

Chun-Yuan Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Clinical Symptoms

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The Shoulder Instability: An Overview

International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1731113 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Balaji Zacharia ◽

Arun Prakas ◽

Subramanian Vaidyanathan ◽

Antony Roy ◽

Mohammed Komalam Ayyub

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Shoulder Instability ◽

Shoulder Joint ◽

Shoulder Dislocation ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Pathological Anatomy ◽

Dynamic Factors ◽

History Of ◽

Classification And Treatment

AbstractInstability of the shoulder joint is common but most of the time it is unrecognized by the treating surgeon. The symptoms can vary from subtle pain to shoulder dislocation. In many cases, there is no history of trauma. The shoulder joint is stabilized by both static and dynamic factors, and treatment is complex, with recurrence more common in young athletic individuals. Open and arthroscopic techniques of stabilization are available with specific indications for each of these methods. In this narrative review of shoulder instability, we describe the pathological anatomy, evaluation, natural history, classification, and treatment of shoulder instability.

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Is Emotional Intelligence Impaired in Unaffected Siblings of Patients with Schizophrenia?

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s135561771700042x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 577-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Beatrice Frajo-Apor ◽

Georg Kemmler ◽

Silvia Pardeller ◽

Markus Huber ◽

Christian Macina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emotional Intelligence ◽

Social Cognition ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Mental Illnesses ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Brief Assessment ◽

Performance Patterns ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Social Cognitive Deficits ◽

And Control

AbstractObjectives:Social cognitive deficits have been discussed to be endophenotypes for schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses. The current study aimed to assess emotional intelligence (EI) in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients to investigate its potential role as endophenotype for schizophrenia.Methods:EI was measured in 56 schizophrenia patients, 57 unaffected siblings, and 127 healthy control subjects by using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). In addition, non-social cognition was assessed with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Linear mixed models with compound symmetric correlation structure were used for of the three groups with respect to EI and non-social cognition.Results:Schizophrenia patients showed significantly lower overall EI and performed significantly worse in three out of four MSCEIT branches compared to unaffected siblings and control subjects, whereas the two latter groups had comparable EI levels. Similar performance patterns (patients<unaffected siblings=control subjects) were found with respect to non-social cognition. Solely in the “Tower of London” test, siblings achieved significantly lower task scores compared to control subjects.Conclusions:Based on our results, EI as measured with the MSCEIT does not seem to represent a marker of risk for schizophrenia. Further investigations should concentrate on other EI measures to reassess this finding. (JINS, 2017,23, 577–583)

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