scholarly journals Comparisons of Macro-Kinematic Strategies During the Rounds of a Cross-Country Skiing Sprint Competition in Classic Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Marsland ◽  
Judith Mary Anson ◽  
Gordon Waddington ◽  
Hans-Christer Holmberg ◽  
Dale Wilson Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Classical Technique ◽  
Micro Sensor ◽  
Classic Technique ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mean Cycle

This study was designed to examine macro-kinematic parameters of six female cross-country skiers during the qualifying, semi-final and final rounds of a 1.1 km sprint competition in classical technique. During each round these skiers were monitored continuously with a single micro-sensor, and their cycle parameters and relative use of these two sub-techniques calculated. Within each round six sections of the course, during which all skiers employed either double pole (DP) or diagonal stride (DS) sub-technique, were chosen for additional analysis. The mean macro-kinematic cycle parameters and relative usage of sub-techniques over the full course did not differ significantly between rounds. On average 54% of the course was covered employing DP and 13% using DS, while 32% was covered utilizing a non-cyclical or irregular technique. With DP, the mean racing speed and cycle rate (CR) on the starting, middle and finishing sections of the course differed significantly, with no differences in mean cycle length (CL) between the last two sections. At the finish, higher DP speed was achieved by increasing CR. On the three hills, where all athletes utilized DS, mean racing speed and CL, but not mean CR, differed significantly. On these sections DS speed was increased by utilizing longer cycles. The individual skiers utilized a variety of macro-kinematic strategies during different rounds and on different sections of the course, depending on individual strengths, preferences and pacing strategies, as well as the course topography and tactical interactions with other skiers. Such collection of macro-kinematic data during competitions can help to identify an individual skier's strengths and weaknesses, guiding the testing of different cycle rates, and lengths on different terrains during training in order to optimize performance.

scholarly journals Performance and Participation in the ‘Vasaloppet’ Cross-Country Skiing Race during a Century

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nastja Romancuk ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Hamdi Chtourou ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Country

This study investigated gender differences in performance and participation and the role of nationality during one century in one of the largest cross-country (XC) skiing events in the world, the ‘Vasaloppet‘ in Sweden. The total number of female and male athletes who finished (n = 562,413) this race between 1922 and 2017 was considered. Most of the finishers were Swedish (81.03% of women and 88.39% of men), followed by Norwegians and Finnish. The overall men-to-women ratio was 17.5. A gender × nationality association was observed for participation (χ2 = 1,823.44, p < 0.001, φ = 0.057), with the men-to-women ratio ranging from 6.7 (USA) to 19.1 (Sweden). For both genders, the participation (%) of Swedish decreased, and that of all other nationalities (except Swiss) increased across years. Regarding the mean race time, men were faster than women by 14.5% (7 h 52 min 17 s versus 9 h 00 min 55 s, respectively). A trivial gender×nationality interaction regarding the race time was observed (p < 0.001, η2 < 0.001), with gender differences ranging from 4.4% (USA) to 22.0% (Iceland). The race time increased across calendar years for both women (r = 0.45, p = 0.006, moderate magnitude) and men (r = 0.25, p = 0.015, small magnitude). On the basis of these findings, we concluded that a relatively small number of women pariticipates in XC skiing. Therefore, the development of public health policies targeting the participation of women in XC skiing should be a concern in the countries with a tradition of this sport.

Using micro-sensor data to quantify macro kinematics of classical cross-country skiing during on-snow training

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Marsland ◽  
Colin Mackintosh ◽  
Judith Anson ◽  
Keith Lyons ◽  
Gordon Waddington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Data ◽  
Micro Sensor ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Classical Cross

A Portrait of Pacing Profile of Cross-Country Skiers in the Vasaloppet 2004–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 875-880
Author(s):  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Race Time ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the effect of performance group by race time (10 groups;<3 h, 3–4 h, and so on up to>12 h) on pacing in women (n=19,465) and men (n=164,454) finishers in the ‘Vasaloppet’ cross-country (XC) skiing race from 2004 to 2017. The speed in the fastest and slowest split was analysed as a percentage of the mean race speed and pacing was defined as the difference (%) between the fastest and slowest split. Women had a larger pace range than men (44.0±10.6% versus 41.1±12.5%, respectively, p<0.001, d=0.25). An almost perfect relationship between performance group and pacing was observed in women (r=0.900, p<0.001) and men (r=0.908, p<0.001). A large main effect of performance on pacing was observed in women (p<0.001, η2=0.292), where the smaller range was in the<4 h group (22.8±3.3%) and the largest in the 10–11 h group (49.2±9.9%). In men, the corresponding values were 21.6±2.2% (<3 h group) and 51.6±11.2% (10–11 h group; p<0.001, η2=0.474). Based on these findings, it was concluded that fast XC skiers had relatively the most even pacing and pacing became less even with decreasing performance. This information is of practical value for coaches working with XC skiers to develop optimal sex- and performance-tailored pacing strategies.

scholarly journals Macro-Kinematic Differences Between Sprint and Distance Cross-Country Skiing Competitions Using the Classical Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Marsland ◽  
Judith Anson ◽  
Gordon Waddington ◽  
Hans-Christer Holmberg ◽  
Dale W. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Classical Technique ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

Cycle day of ovulation

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. James
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Composite Sample ◽  
Normal Length ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Cycles ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mean Cycle

The length of the post-ovulatory phase in a composite sample of menstrual cycles increases linearly with cycle length until cycle length reaches about 30 days, but thereafter it ceases to increase (Vollman, 1953; Bailey & Marshall, 1970). By contrast, plotted against the mean cycle length of the individual, the length of the post-ovulatory phase continues to increase roughly linearly with mean cycle length. It is concluded (a) that many long cycles are aberrant occurrences among cycles of normal length and are due to lengthening of the pre-ovulatory phase and (b) that where the mean cycle length is long, ovulation, as in shorter cycles, occurs just before the middle of the cycle, so that the post-ovulatory phase is longer than usual.The most fertile day seems to be the one before mid-cycle. These conclusions are the basis for the following formula for calendar rhythm:If x is the shortest and y the longest cycle in a woman's menstrual record, the ‘unsafe’ days start on Day (½x − 5) and last for (y − x + 8) days.

Kinematic Analysis of Skating Technique of Olympic Skiers in the Women's 30-km Race

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Gregory ◽  
Sean E. Humphreys ◽  
Glenn M. Street
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Winter Olympic Games ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weak Side ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Mean Cycle ◽  
Group 1

The women's 30-km freestyle cross-country race at the 1992 Winter Olympic Games was selected to determine the kinematic differences between more and less successful skiers. Three-dimensional filming techniques were used to capture the movement patterns on level terrain of 8 skiers who placed in the top 50% (Group 1) and 8 skiers who placed in the bottom 50% (Group 2) of the field. The mean cycle velocity for Group 1 was significantly faster (p< .005) than the velocity for Group 2. Significant correlations (p< .05) were found between race velocity and cycle velocity (r= .89) and between cycle length and cycle rate (r= -.82). Group 1 had significantly greater (p< .03) weak-side elbow flexion at pole plant, as well as less (p< .01) weak-side elbow extension and more (p< .05) trunk flexion during poling. The mean cycle velocity differences between Groups 1 and 2 may have been the result of smaller resistive and/or larger propulsive forces.

scholarly journals Performance and Micro-Pacing Strategies in a Classic Cross-Country Skiing Sprint Race

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simo Ihalainen ◽  
Steffi Colyer ◽  
Erik Andersson ◽  
Kerry McGawley
Keyword(s):  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals The Differences in Pacing Among Age Groups of Amateur Cross-Country Skiers Depend on Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPacing strategies have mainly been investigated for runners, but little is known for cross-country skiers. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of performance and age on pacing strategies in cross-country skiing. All finishers (women, n = 19,375; men, n = 86,190) in the ‘Engadin Ski Marathon’ (42 km) between 1998 and 2016 were analysed for the percentage change of speed at 10 km (Change A), 20 km (Change B) and 35 km (Change C). They were classified in performance groups according to quartiles of average race speed (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) and in 5-year age groups (<20, 20-24, 25-29… 85-89 years). Men were faster than women by +14.3% (15.2 ± 4.0 vs. 13.3 ± 3.3 km/h; p < 0.001, η2 = 0.215). A small impact of age group × performance group interaction on Change A was shown in women (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.026) and men (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.025), where Q1 augmented and Q4 attenuated the decrease in speed with aging. However, the impact of age group × performance group interaction on Change B and C was trivial (p = 0.002, η2 ≤ 0.010). Based on these findings, it was concluded that the differences in pacing among age groups depended on the performance level. Thus, the coaches and fitness trainers working with cross-country skiers should advise their athletes to consider both age and performance.

scholarly journals The Fall of the Queen of Nordic Skiing

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Ulrik Wagner ◽  
Elsa Kristiansen
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Harsh Criticism ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nordic Skiing

Abstract In 2016, Norwegian cross-country skier Therese Johaug made her positive doping test public. We compare how the Norwegian and Swedish media covered the ensuing scandal with the aim of discovering how constructions of subjectivity, national identity, anti-doping policy and the role of cross-country skiing are interrelated. Drawing on a critical discourse analytical research design, we identify significant differences: the Norwegian media hesitated to call it a doping scandal and occasionally portrayed Johaug as a victim, whereas the Swedish media provided a platform for harsh criticism of the Norwegian’s use of medicine and emphasised the individual responsibility of the athlete. Thus, this study elucidates how sport is mediated as part of a national rivalry between two Scandinavian countries that are both heavily engaged in cross-country skiing.

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