scholarly journals From Microns to Meters: Exploring Advances in Legume Microbiome Diversity for Agroecosystem Benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Schaedel ◽  
Gabriela Hidrobo ◽  
Julie Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Functional Benefit ◽  
Microbiome Diversity ◽  
Protein Rich

Legumes are of primary importance for agroecosystems because they provide protein-rich foods and enhance soil fertility through fixed atmospheric nitrogen. The legume-rhizobia symbiosis that makes this possible has been extensively studied, from basic research on biochemical signaling to practical applications in cropping systems. While rhizobia are the most-studied group of associated microorganisms, the functional benefit they confer to their legume hosts by fixing nitrogen is not performed in isolation. Indeed, non-rhizobia members of the rhizosphere and nodule microbiome are now understood to contribute in multiple ways to nodule formation, legume fitness, and other agroecosystem services. In this review, we summarize advances contributing to our understanding of the diversity and composition of bacterial members of the belowground legume microbiome. We also highlight applied work in legume food and forage crops that link microbial community composition with plant functional benefits. Ultimately, further research will assist in the development of multi-species microbial inoculants and cropping systems that maximize plant nutrient benefits, while reducing sources of agricultural pollution.

Systemic control of nodule formation by the plant N demand requires autoregulation dependent and independent mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie Pervent ◽  
Ilana Lambert ◽  
Marc Tauzin ◽  
Alicia Karouani ◽  
Martha Nigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Systemic Signaling ◽  
Systemic Control ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Strong Control ◽  
Mutant Genes ◽  
N Demand

Abstract In legumes interacting with rhizobia the formation of symbiotic organs involved in the acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen is depending of the plant nitrogen (N) demand. We used Medicago truncatula plants cultivated in split-root systems to discriminate between responses to local and systemic N signalings. We evidenced a strong control of nodule formation by systemic N-signaling but obtained no clear evidence of a local control by mineral nitrogen. Systemic signaling of the plant N demand controls numerous transcripts involved in the root transcriptome reprogramming associated to early rhizobia interaction and nodule formation. SUNN has an important role in this control but major systemic N signaling responses remained active in the sunn mutant. Genes involved in the activation of nitrogen fixation are regulated by systemic N signaling in the mutant, explaining why the hypernodulation phenotype is not associated to a higher nitrogen fixation of the whole plant. The control of the transcriptome reprogramming of nodule formation by systemic N signaling requires other pathway(s) that parallel the SUNN/CLE pathway.

Nitrate reductases and hemoglobins control nitrogen-fixing symbiosis by regulating nitric oxide accumulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Berger ◽  
Alexandre Boscari ◽  
Alain Puppo ◽  
Renaud Brouquisse
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
No Production ◽  
Degradation Pathways ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Nitrate Reductases

Abstract The interaction between legumes and rhizobia leads to the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between plant and bacteria. This is characterized by the formation of a new organ, the nodule, which facilitates the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by nitrogenase through the creation of a hypoxic environment. Nitric oxide (NO) accumulates at each stage of the symbiotic process. NO is involved in defense responses, nodule organogenesis and development, nitrogen fixation metabolism, and senescence induction. During symbiosis, either successively or simultaneously, NO regulates gene expression, modulates enzyme activities, and acts as a metabolic intermediate in energy regeneration processes via phytoglobin-NO respiration and the bacterial denitrification pathway. Due to the transition from normoxia to hypoxia during nodule formation, and the progressive presence of the bacterial partner in the growing nodules, NO production and degradation pathways change during the symbiotic process. This review analyzes the different source and degradation pathways of NO, and highlights the role of nitrate reductases and hemoproteins of both the plant and bacterial partners in the control of NO accumulation.

Quantum Dots in basic research and practical applications: the role of size and quasi-multivalency

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Salova ◽  
T.N. Belyaeva ◽  
V.V. Kosheverova ◽  
E.A. Leontieva ◽  
M.V. Kharchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Practical Applications

Benefits and barriers to perennial forage crops in Iowa corn and soybean rotations

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Olmstead ◽  
E. Charles Brummer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Land Grant Universities ◽  
Ecological Benefits ◽  
Row Crops

AbstractThe transition away from forage-based cropping systems in Iowa to corn and soybean rotations since World War II has corresponded with degraded economic and environmental conditions in the state. Falling net incomes for farmers and concern over global warming and the effects of agriculture-related pollution on water, wildlife and human health have increased interest in diversified cropping systems. This paper reviews the benefits of diversifying Iowa corn and soybean rotations with perennial forage species such as alfalfa and red clover. Perennial forage crops improve soil quality, decrease NO3-N leaching and soil erosion, increase carbon sequestration and decrease pesticide and herbicide needs by controlling weed and insect pests. Forage legumes reduce N fertilizer needs for succeeding corn crops at a higher rate than soybeans, and corn crops following forages have higher yields than after corn or soybeans. Farmers who add alfalfa to corn and soybean rotations could realize significant economic gains. A simulated 5-year rotation in Iowa including corn–soybeans–oats/alfalfa–alfalfa–alfalfa would result in a 24% net income increase over 5 years of corn–soybean–corn–soybean–corn, even with government farm support payments for the row crops. Farm policies that encourage commodity production create little incentive for Iowa farmers to diversify their cropping systems beyond corn and soybeans, despite the clear economic and ecological benefits. We recommend increasing federal support for conservation programs that reward environmentally beneficial farm practices such as the Conservation Securities Program and we encourage land grant universities to hire researchers interested in alternative agricultural systems.

Rotational Benefits of Forage Crops in Canadian Prairie Cropping Systems

jpa ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Entz ◽  
W. J. Bullied ◽  
F. Katepa-Mupondwa
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Canadian Prairie

scholarly journals A Molecular View of Autophagy in Lepidoptera

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Romanelli ◽  
Barbara Casati ◽  
Eleonora Franzetti ◽  
Gianluca Tettamanti
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
New Era ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
Lepidopteran Species ◽  
Adult Insect ◽  
Critical Phase

Metamorphosis represents a critical phase in the development of holometabolous insects, during which the larval body is completely reorganized: in fact, most of the larval organs undergo remodeling or completely degenerate before the final structure of the adult insect is rebuilt. In the past, increasing evidence emerged concerning the intervention of autophagy and apoptosis in the cell death processes that occur in larval organs of Lepidoptera during metamorphosis, but a molecular characterization of these pathways was undertaken only in recent years. In addition to developmentally programmed autophagy, there is growing interest in starvation-induced autophagy. Therefore we are now entering a new era of research on autophagy that foreshadows clarification of the role and regulatory mechanisms underlying this self-digesting process in Lepidoptera. Given that some of the most important lepidopteran species of high economic importance, such as the silkworm,Bombyx mori, belong to this insect order, we expect that this information on autophagy will be fully exploited not only in basic research but also for practical applications.

A NOVEL BITTER DETECTION BIOSENSOR BASED ON LIGHT ADDRESSABLE POTENTIOMETRIC SENSOR

2012 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250008 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHUNSHENG WU ◽  
LIPING DU ◽  
LIHUI MAO ◽  
PING WANG
Keyword(s):  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Potentiometric Sensor ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Bitter Substance ◽  
Cell Recording ◽  
Taste Detection ◽  
Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensor

This paper presents a novel biosensor for bitter substance detection on the basis of light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Taste receptor cells (TRCs) were used as sensitive elements, which can respond to different bitter stimuli with extreme high sensitivity and specificity. TRCs were isolated from the taste buds of rats and cultured on the surface of LAPS chip. Due to the unique advantages such as single-cell recording, light addressable capability, and noninvasiveness, LAPS chip was used as secondary transducer to monitor the responses of TRCs by recording extracelluar potential changes. The results indicate LAPS chip can effectively record the responses of TRCs to different bitter substances used in this study in a real-time manner for a long-term. In addition, by performing principal component analysis on the LAPS recording data, different bitter substances tested can be successfully discriminated. It is suggested this TRCs–LAPS hybrid biosensor could be a valuable tool for bitter substance detection. With further improvement and novel design, it has great potentials to be applied in both basic research and practical applications related to bitter taste detection.

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