scholarly journals Tubectomy of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Female Balinese Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis) With Post-operative Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Deleuze ◽  
Fany Brotcorne ◽  
Roland Polet ◽  
Gede Soma ◽  
Goulven Rigaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Wild Female ◽  
Minimal Invasiveness ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Operative Monitoring

Worldwide, primates, and humans increasingly share habitats and often enter in conflict when primates thrive in human-dominated environments, calling for special management measures. Reproductive control is increasingly used to manage population growth but very few monitoring data are available. Therefore, the efficiency and implications of such programs require a careful examination. In the context of a contraception program in wild female long-tailed macaques in Ubud, Bali, conducted over four successive campaigns between 2017 and 2019, including 140 females (i.e., 41.9% of the reproductive females of the population in 2019), modifications of an endoscopic tubectomy procedure, a permanent sterilization method, clinical evaluation of this method, and the post-operative monitoring results of the neutered females after release are described. This surgical approach was applicable for pregnant females: 28.6% of the treated females were pregnant at the time of the surgery. The procedure used a single lateral port to reach and cauterize both oviducts in non-pregnant as well as in early to mid-term pregnant females. Pregnant females nearer to term required a second lateral port to access both oviducts masked by the size of the gravid uterus. Moreover, bipolar thermocauterization was utilized successfully without resection to realize the tubectomy. The average duration of the laparoscopic surgery was 14 min for non-pregnant females and 22 min for pregnant females. Animals were released 3 h 22 min in average following their capture. This short holding time, recommended for free-ranging primates, was made possible by the minimal invasiveness of the sterilization approach. A laparoscopic post-operative evaluation conducted on two patients during the following campaign confirmed that the oviducts were definitely disrupted and no longer patent. Moreover, no new pregnancies in sterilized females were recorded during the 3-year observation period. The survival rate of the treated females 6 months after sterilization was high (96.3%) with no major post-operative complications clinically recorded. Among females that were pregnant during surgery, 81.1% were confirmed to experience term delivery. This study demonstrates the safety and efficiency of endoscopic tubectomy, even for pregnant females, as a mean of wild macaques' population control.

Variation in ectoparasite load in the Mehely’s horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus mehelyi (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in a nursery colony in western Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozafar Sharifi ◽  
Najmeh Taghinezhad ◽  
Fatema Mozafari ◽  
Somaye Vaissi
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Solitary Males ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Forearm Length ◽  
Ectoparasite Load

AbstractWe studied variation of ectoparasite load in a free ranging populations of Mehely’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi) on five successive occasions in a nursery roost in western Iran. In total, 87 Rhinolophus mehelyi were captured. The patterns of abundance differed greatly among parasite species but total parasite load was markedly higher in pregnant females in spring and early summer and lower in solitary males. On average, 90% of bats were infested by Eyndhovenia sp. with a mean intensity of 13.79 individuals per bat. Penicillidia sp. and one species from Streblidae were found in 66.7% and 11.49% of bats with parasite load of 2.31 and 1.8 parasite per bat, respectively. Using ratio of forearm length to body mass as an indication of bat health the correlation coefficient between parasite load and the health indicator was 0.002 for males and 0.06 for females indicating that parasite load has no apparent impact on bat’s health.

Influence of host weight, sex and reproductive status on helminth parasites of the wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in Navarra, Spain

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Molina ◽  
J.C. Casanova ◽  
C. Feliu
Keyword(s):  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reproductive Females

A study was carried out in Navarra (northern Spain) on the influence of the weight, sex and reproductive status (lactant, pregnant or lactant + pregnant females and testicular weight for males) of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on two cestodes species: Andrya cuniculi and Mosgovoyia ctenoides and four intestinal nematodes: Graphidium strigosum, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Nematodiroides zembrae and Dermatoxys hispaniensis. A significantly higher prevalence of A. cuniculi was detected in lactant + pregnant females compared with non-breeding females. Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and N. zembrae showed a significantly higher mean intensity in lactant and lactant + pregnant females than in non-reproductive females. Trichostrongylus retortaeformis presented a higher mean intensity in females than in males, and the mean intensity of the same parasite species was significantly lower in active and inactive males compared with lactant and lactant + pregnant females. There were no significant differences between sexes in the prevalence of helminth parasites. No significant correlation was detected between host weight and the intensity (of infection) of helminths studied. No significant differences in the prevalence and mean intensity of the two cestode species were observed in the three weight categories studied (kittens, juveniles and adults). The prevalence of G. strigosum and mean intensity of T. retortaeformis were significantly higher in older heavier animals than in juveniles.

scholarly journals A predictive model to diagnose pregnancy in guanacos (Lama guanicoe) using non-invasive methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
A. Marozzi ◽  
V.I. Cantarelli ◽  
F.M. Gomez ◽  
A. Panebianco ◽  
L.R. Leggieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Lama Guanicoe ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Free Ranging

Pregnancy status is usually not included in ecological studies because it is difficult to evaluate. The use of non-invasive methods to determine pregnancy, without physically restraining individuals, would enable pregnancy to be included in population studies. In this study, we evaluated sex steroid hormones in plasma and fecal samples from pregnant and non-pregnant females to develop a pregnancy predictive model for guanacos (Lama guanicoe (Müller, 1776)). Samples were obtained during live-shearing management (i.e., capture, shear, and release) of guanacos. Enzyme immunoassays were used to evaluate progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) concentrations in plasma and pregnanediol glucuronides (PdG) and conjugated estrogens (EC) in feces. Mean hormonal and fecal metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant females than in non-pregnant females. A linear relationship was found between each hormone and its fecal metabolite. Finally, hormonal data were combined with an independent source of pregnancy diagnosis such as abdominal ballottement to develop a logistic regression model to diagnose pregnancy in non-handled individuals. The use of predictive models and non-invasive methods might be suitable to incorporate pregnancy information in large-scale population studies on guanaco and other free-ranging ungulates.

Efficacy and Cost of GonaCon™ for Population Control in a Free‐ranging White‐tailed Deer Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah J. Walker ◽  
G. Christopher Shank ◽  
Michael K. Stoskopf ◽  
Larry J. Minter ◽  
Christopher S. DePerno
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Positive-reinforcement strategies to reduce capture-stress in Capybaras

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e45819
Author(s):  
Derek Andrew Rosenfield ◽  
Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Chemical Restraint ◽  
Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽  
Conditioning Effect ◽  
Capture Stress ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Free Ranging

Prior to the administration of any anesthetics, capturing the semi-aquatic capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) demands physical restraint, which presents immense challenges. Traditional methods, such as lassoing and traps, are prone to induce acute stress, may result in injury, and can even have fatal outcomes. As part of a larger population control project using contraceptive methods, frequent capture-induced stress and injury may directly affect normal reproductive physiology. Thus, choosing a less stress-inducing method was imperative. In this report, we describe methods of conditioning to enable frequent capture and manipulation, using bait as a positive reinforcement associated with a special click-sound, in a free-ranging population of 40 capybaras. The objectives were to attract, herd, and allow capybaras to voluntarily enter a coral. We evaluated the conditioning effect on individual and group behaviors, interpreting vocal and body language manifestations during the processes of conditioning, herding, capture, and recovery (post procedure/chemical restraint), with the aim of minimizing capture-related stress and injuries. Based on our observations, we report that conditioning, used as part of the capture strategies, noticeably facilitated physical restraint and manipulation throughout the procedures, while apparently maintaining the animals’ overall welfare as it relates to conditioning and capture.

Oestrus in a secretive species: endogenous estradiol varies throughout the shed cycle and influences attractiveness in wild northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon)

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Jellen ◽  
Sean P. Graham ◽  
Robert D. Aldridge ◽  
Ryan L. Earley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Pheromone Production ◽  
Nerodia Sipedon ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sex Pheromone Production

Oestrogen (e.g., 17β-estradiol, E2) stimulates vitellogenesis, female sexual behaviour, and induces sex pheromone production throughout vertebrates. Therefore, the quantification of its role in any one these may prove challenging; particularly in taxa such as snakes where mating coincides with vitellogenesis. Studies examining steroid hormones in snakes are further confounded by the typical sampling interval (monthly) which is likely insufficient to observe the brief hormone fluctuations associated with an oestrus period. Thus, the relationship between oestrus and endogenous sex steroids in snakes remains equivocal. We sampled plasma E2 of 12 radio-equipped free-ranging adult female northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) twice weekly during the 2008–2009 mating periods. Reproductive females experienced a large E2 surge coincident with shedding, movement, and male accompaniment indicating that endogenous E2 is involved in oestrus, a phenomenon that has previously not been documented in snakes.

Vigilance and Grouping in the Eastern Gray Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
AML Colagross ◽  
A Cockburn
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Edge Effect ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Vigilance Behaviour ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Group formation may help animals reduce their risk of predation and allow more time for activities other than vigilance against predators. Eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, are gregarious and form open-membership groups. Vigilance behaviour of free-ranging kangaroos was observed in relation-to number of individuals within the group, sex and reproductive status of individuals, proximity to cover and position within the group. Our data support the view that kangaroos adjust their behaviour in relation to the risk of predation. Reproductive females, individuals on the periphery of the group and individuals in groups far from cover were most vigilant. Contrary to previous reports, vigilance behaviour was not influenced by group size except through the edge effect-the tendency of the proportion of individuals on the periphery of the group to decline as group size increases.

Feeding strategy and activity budget of the frugivorous bat Carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in French Guiana

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Charles-Dominique
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Activity Budget ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Carollia Perspicillata ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Reproductive Females

ABSTRACTThe frugivorous phyllostomid bat Carollia perspicillata is closely associated with specific fruits which are found and picked in flight, then eaten at a feeding roost. Each fruit eaten corresponds to a single flight. An apparatus designed for this study permits the simultancous tracking of 10 bats equipped with double rhythm transmitters (slow rate corresponding to resting position and rapid rate to flying bouts). (1) The number of flights, (2) the percentage time spent flying and (3) the range of activity were recorded for different categories of animals during two periods of fruit production. Heavier males displayed high activity, while other males, non-breeding females and females in early pregnancy displayed a similar pattern of flying behaviour. Full-term pregnant females and lactating females performed almost as many flying bouts as non-reproductive females, but these flights were much shorter. This unexpected feeding strategy can be interpreted as a means of shifting energy to reproductive effort from exploratory behaviour (non-breeding females performed longer flights which combine the survey of environment and the fruit collection). This strategy, based upon the optimization of flying bouts, is in contrast to those of non-flying mammals and probably is only compatible with periods of high food production.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation in prevalence, parasite load and mean intensity of ectoparasites in Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-194
Author(s):  
Mozafar Sharifi ◽  
Somaye Vaissi ◽  
Hossein Javanbakht
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Reproductive Condition ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Mist Net ◽  
Ectoparasite Load

We studied quantitatively the seasonal variation in prevalence, parasite load, and mean intensity of two species of ectoparasites in free ranging populations of Kuhl's bat, Pipistrellus kuhlii in western Iran. In total, 348 live bats (230 males and 118 females) were collected using mist net during May to November 2013. All bats identified as to sex and the number of ectoparasite species in each bat was counted. On 348 P. kuhlii captured, 5355 ectoparasites were observed. Two species of ectoparasites belonging to Argas vespertilionis (Argasidae) and Steatonyssus sp. (Macronyssidae) were identified. In late May and at the beginning of June, the peaks of ectoparasite load in bats were recorded and then dropped during June to November. The number of ectoparasites in pregnant female bats in May-June during pregnancy was significantly higher than non-pregnant females (p ≤ 0.05). A significant correlation was found between ectoparasite load and the ratio of body mass to the length of forearm (W/FA), as an index of body condition, indicating that parasite load has apparent impact on bat’s health. Our findings indicated that parasite loads correlate with season, sex and reproductive condition of the host.

scholarly journals Incidence and persistence of classical swine fever in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa)

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. ROSSI ◽  
E. FROMONT ◽  
D. PONTIER ◽  
C. CRUCIÈRE ◽  
J. HARS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Free Ranging

Although veterinary authorities aim to limit persistence of classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar (Sus scrofa), to avoid potential transmission to pigs, factors influencing CSF transmission and persistence are not clearly understood. Here we analyse incidence and persistence in a CSF epidemic that occurred in the French Vosges Forest. Higher incidence was found in large forests compared to smaller isolated ones, being highest near the starting point of the epidemic, but poorly related to the local density. We hypothesize that the spatial and social structure of wild boar populations may be responsible for this variability of incidence over space. Persistence was highest near the starting point of the epidemic and where initial density was highest. We hypothesize that persistence was favoured by the abundance of young wild boar, itself encouraged by CSF. Our results allow us to propose management measures aimed at limiting CSF persistence.

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