scholarly journals Winter Annual Rye Seeding Date Influence on Nitrogen Recovery and Ammonia Volatilization from Late Fall Surface-Applied Manure

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Akbari ◽  
Stephen Herbert ◽  
Masoud Hashemi ◽  
Allen Barker ◽  
Omid Reza Zandvakili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Forage Rape ◽  
Fall Application

Dairy farmers in the northeast face challenges in the application of manure in fall and on-time planting of cool-season grasses to maximize recovery of residual N and nutrients released from fall applied manure. Ammonia emission from animal manure is a serious environmental concern and can be reduced if cover crop is integrated in the farming system. On-time planting of cover crops can reduce ammonia volatilization from fall, surface-applied manure, and prevents N loss to leaching. A two-year study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 to investigate if time of planting of winter annual rye (Secale cereale L.) along with late fall application of manure when air temperature is low can influence ammonia emission and preserve nitrogen (N) to meet the N requirement of forage rape. Three planting dates (16 September, 30 September, and 14 October) of rye cover crop with two manure application treatments including late-fall application and no manure were assessed for mitigating ammonia volatilization, and also yield and recovery of N by forage rape (Brassica napus L.). The highest rates of ammonia volatilization were detected in the first 24 hours after manure spreading regardless of the treatment. The result indicated that cover crop use significantly limited volatilization compared with no cover crop. The earliest planting date produced 3823 kg ha−1 dry matter of winter rye cover crop that was 16 and 35 percent higher than second and third dates of planting, respectively. The manured cover crop accumulated 132 kg N ha−1 when planted early. However, biomass yield of forage rape was more when planted after all cover crop treatments with manure application. Prior to forage planting, the nitrate-N content in all three soil depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) in the plots with manure was higher than plots with no manure. No significant differences in forage rape yield was detected among winter rye planting dates; however, forage rape planted after winter rye was higher than after no-cover crop. The results of this study suggest that when immediate incorporation of manure into soil is not feasible, establishing cover crop early and then applying manure in the late fall, is a practical management to limit nonpoint source pollution from ammonia loss.

scholarly journals Rolled Winter Rye and Hairy Vetch Cover Crops Lower Weed Density but Reduce Vegetable Yields in No-tillage Organic Production

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Leavitt ◽  
Craig C. Sheaffer ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
Deborah L. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Winter Annual

Winter annual cover crops, winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), can reduce weed density and build soil quality in organic production systems. There is interest in integrating cover crops and reduced tillage with organic vegetable production, but few studies have been conducted in regions with short growing seasons and cool soils such as the upper Midwest. We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota. Average marketable yields of tomato, zucchini, and bell pepper in the rolled cover crops were reduced 89%, 77%, and 92% in 2008 and 65%, 41%, and 79% in 2009, respectively, compared with a no-cover control. Winter rye and the WR/HV mixture reduced average annual weed density at St. Paul by 96% for 8 to 10 weeks after rolling (WAR) and hairy vetch mulch reduced weeds 80% for 2 to 8 WAR, whereas at Lamberton, there was no consistent effect of cover treatments on weed populations. Winter rye and the WR/HV mixture had higher average residue biomass (5.3 and 5.7 Mg·ha−1, respectively) than hairy vetch (3.0 Mg·ha−1) throughout the season. Soil growing degree-days (SGDD) were lower in cover crop treatments compared with the no-cover control, which could have delayed early vegetable growth and contributed to reduced yields. All cover crop mulches were associated with low levels of soil nitrogen (N) (less than 10 mg·kg−1 N) in the upper 15 cm. Rolled winter annual cover crops show promise for controlling annual weeds in organic no-tillage systems, but additional research is needed on methods to increase vegetable crop yields in rolled cover crops.

Implications of late fall and early spring 2,4-D applications on subsequent canola production on Black, Dark Brown and Gray Wooded Soil

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Green Seed ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Fall Application ◽  
Made In

Late fall or early spring application of 2,4-D to control winter annual weeds prior to canola has not been recommended as the herbicidal effects on canola growth and development on varying soil types are not well defined. 2,4-D was applied to Black, Dark Brown and Gray Wooded soils located in west-central and northwest Saskatchewan. Applications were made in the fall and early spring prior to planting Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. canola from 1992 to 1994 at the recommended (0.42 kg ha−1) and twice the recommended rate. The rate of 2,4-D applied had no effect on canola plant population, pods per plant, yield, green seed, chlorophyll, kernel or test weight. Application of 2,4-D in the fall had no effect on any variable while spring application reduced plant stands and increased green content but had no effect on pod production, yield or chlorophyll content. Late fall application of 2,4-D prior to canola in rotation should be recognized as a valuable addition to weed management in canola, particularly when direct seeding is practised. Key words: Canola, 2,4-D, soil residual, injury

Corn and Soybean Production with a Winter Rye Cover Crop

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Sawyer ◽  
Jose L. Pantoja ◽  
Daniel W. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soybean Production

Corn and Soybean Production with a Winter Rye Cover Crop

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Sawyer ◽  
Jose L. Pantoja ◽  
Daniel W. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soybean Production

Corn and Soybean Production with a Winter Rye Cover Crop

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Sawyer ◽  
Jose L. Pantoja ◽  
Daniel W. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soybean Production

scholarly journals Soybean Relative Maturity, Not Row Spacing, Affected Interseeded Cover Crops Biomass

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Hans J. Kandel ◽  
Dulan P. Samarappuli ◽  
Kory L. Johnson ◽  
Marisol T. Berti
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Crop Biomass

Adoption of cover crop interseeding in the northwestern Corn Belt in the USA is limited due to inadequate fall moisture for establishment, short growing season, additional costs, and need for adapted winter-hardy species. This study evaluated three cover crop treatments—no cover crop, winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz)—which were interseeded at the R6 soybean growth stage, using two different soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) maturity groups (0.5 vs. 0.9) and two row spacings (30.5 vs. 61 cm). The objective was to evaluate these treatments on cover crop biomass, soil cover, plant density, and soybean yield. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield was also measured the following year. The early-maturing soybean cultivar (0.5 maturity) resulted in increased cover crop biomass and soil cover, with winter rye outperforming winter camelina. However, the early-maturing soybean yielded 2308 kg·ha−1, significantly less compared with the later maturing cultivar (2445 kg·ha−1). Narrow row spacing had higher soybean yield, but row spacing did not affect cover crop growth. Spring wheat should not follow winter rye if rye is terminated right before seeding the wheat. However, wheat planted after winter camelina was no different than when no cover crop was interseeded in soybean. Interseeding cover crops into established soybean is possible, however, cover crop biomass accumulation and soil cover are limited.

Grazing winter rye cover crop in a cotton no‐till system: Soil strength and runoff

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry H. Schomberg ◽  
Dinku M. Endale ◽  
Kipling S. Balkcom ◽  
Randy L. Raper ◽  
Dwight H. Seman
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
No Till

Tillage and Planting Date Effects on Weed Dormancy, Emergence, and Early Growth in Organic Corn

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Teasdale ◽  
Steven B. Mirsky
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Smooth Pigweed

Insufficient weed control is a major constraint to adoption of reduced-tillage practices for organic grain production. Tillage, cover crop management, and crop planting date are factors that influence emergence periodicity and growth potential of important weed species in these systems. We assessed two hairy vetch cover crop management practices, disk-kill and roll-kill, across a range of corn planting dates from early May to late June in three experiments in Beltsville, MD. Patterns of seed dormancy, emergence, and early weed growth were determined for overseeded populations of common ragweed, giant foxtail, and smooth pigweed, three important species in the Mid-Atlantic states that represent early to late emergence. Common ragweed emergence was lowest and dormancy was highest of the three species across all planting dates. Giant foxtail emergence was higher than the other species in roll-killed hairy vetch and included a significant number of seeds that germinated before rolling operations in late June. Smooth pigweed had the highest emergence and lowest dormancy in disk-killed hairy vetch in June. Individual giant foxtail plant weight was higher in roll-killed than disk-killed hairy vetch in 2 of 3 yr, whereas that of smooth pigweed plants was higher in disk-killed than roll-killed vetch in 2 of 3 yr. Giant foxtail was the dominant species in roll-killed hairy vetch (averaged 79% of total weed biomass at corn silking), probably because of early germination and establishment before rolling operations. Smooth pigweed was the dominant species in disk-killed hairy vetch at June planting dates (averaged 77% of total weed biomass), probably because of high growth rates under warm conditions in tilled soil. This research demonstrated that cover crop management practices and the timing of planting operations can shift the dominant species of weed communities in organic farming systems and must be considered in long-term weed management planning.

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