Crop Diversification to Control Powdery Mildew in Pea

Pea is a temperate grain legume cultivated worldwide that can be severely constrained by powdery mildew infection. Control by fungicides and the use of resistant cultivars is possible, but there is a growing interest in alternative control methods such as crop diversification, particularly in low input agriculture. The aim of this work was to assess the potential of intercropping pea with other crops and of pea cultivar mixtures for powdery mildew management on pea crop. Results show a reduction of powdery mildew on pea when intercropped by replacement at a 50:50 ratio with barley or with faba bean, but not when intercropped with wheat. A barrier effect seems to explain a major part of this decrease, especially in the pea/barley intercrop. This hypothesis was further supported by inoculated seedlings under controlled conditions, where powdery mildew infection on pea decreased with the distance to the inoculation point, this decrease being larger in the intercrop with barley than in the intercrop with wheat and in the pea monocrop. Powdery mildew was also reduced in the mixture of resistant and susceptible cultivars, with infection decreasing with the increasing proportions of the resistant one. Overall, this work shows that crop diversification may be a good strategy to reduce powdery mildew in pea.

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A Review of Alternative Management Tactics Employed for the Control of Various Cockroach Species (Order: Blattodea) in the USA

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12060550 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 550

Author(s):

Ameya D. Gondhalekar ◽

Arthur G. Appel ◽

Gretchen M. Thomas ◽

Alvaro Romero

Keyword(s):

Applied Research ◽

Research Effort ◽

Effective Control ◽

Control Methods ◽

Alternative Tactics ◽

Alternative Control ◽

The Public ◽

Concurrent Use ◽

The Usa ◽

Alternative Control Methods

Effective control of domestic and peridomestic cockroaches requires integrated approaches that emphasize concurrent use of chemicals with alternative control tactics. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach is particularly justified in environments where satisfactory cockroach control cannot be achieved due to multiple factors including development of insecticide aversion and resistance in some cockroach species, and poor sanitation or structural issues that foster infestations. While a flurry of research effort has been devoted to study alternative tactics for cockroach control, only a few of them have been evaluated in the context of IPM programs. This review focuses on examining studies on alternative tactics that are proven efficacious, economical, and logistically feasible for their inclusion in IPM programs for important domestic and peridomestic cockroaches in the USA. Management programs that educate the public on cockroach biology, behavior, and the importance of sanitation; use of traps to monitor infestation levels; apply targeted low impact insecticides such as baits, have demonstrated a greater success for effective and sustainable control of cockroaches when compared to an insecticide-only approach. Incorporation of other alternative control methods to IPM programs will require more applied research that validates their use in real-world scenarios and demonstrates their cost-effectiveness.

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Larvicidal activity of oil-resin fractions from the Brazilian medicinal plant Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae)

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86822007000300002 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 264-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Heloísa Helena Garcia da Silva ◽

Regina Geris ◽

Edson Rodrigues Filho ◽

Cleonice Rocha ◽

Ionizete Garcia da Silva

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Larvicidal Activity ◽

Control Methods ◽

Alternative Control ◽

13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Layer Chromatography ◽

Alternative Control Methods

Oil-resin fractions from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity on third larval instars of Aedes aegypti, in searching for alternative control methods for this mosquito. The bioactive fractions were chemically monitored by thin-layer chromatography, ¹H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Bioassays were performed using five repetitions, at a temperature of 28 ± 1°C, relative humidity of 80 ± 5% and light and dark cycles of 12h. Mortality was indicated by darkening of the cephalic capsule after 24h of exposure of the larvae to the solutions. The most active fractions were CRM1-4 (sesquiterpenes) and CRM5-7 (labdane diterpenes), which showed LC50 values of 0.2 and 0.8ppm, respectively.

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Economic Analysis of Alternative Control Methods for Soybean Cyst Nematode in Southern Illinois

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-67-480 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 480 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. P. Reis

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Control Methods ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Southern Illinois ◽

Alternative Control Methods

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Evidence of possible evasion of protective immunity by NAD-independent isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum in poultry

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v71i1.285 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R.R. Bragg

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Evasion ◽

Protective Immunity ◽

Reference Strain ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

The Other ◽

Control Methods ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Alternative Control Methods

An indication of the ability of NAD-independent variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum to evade the immune system has been obtained from data obtained from several experiments. Firstly, it was noted that there was a difference in the serovar distribution between the NAD-dependent isolates in the 1990s and the NAD-independent isolates, as there was a significant decrease in the incidence of serogroup A NAD-dependent isolates. This can possibly be attributed to the extensive use of vaccines. On the other hand, most of the earlier NAD-independent isolates were serovar A. This is a possible indication of evasion of the protective immunity by the NAD-independent isolates. Further evidence of possible evasion of the protective immunity was obtained from results obtained when different isolates, both NAD dependent and NAD independent, were tested with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). The V1 Mab reaction pattern was only seen in the reference strain 0083 among all of the NAD-dependent isolates tested in South Africa. This Mab was, however, found to react with some of the NAD-independent isolates. Furthermore, the isolation of NAD-dependent isolates in Australia which react with the V1 Mab also suggest possible evasion of the protective immunity by the NAD-independent isolates as no vaccines containing strain 0083 are used in Australia. In order to investigate the hypothesis of immune-evasion by NAD-independent H. paragallinarum, vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens were challenged with a NAD-independent serogroup C isolate. As a control, chickens were also challenged with NAD-dependent H. paragallinarum of the same serogroup. The results obtained indicate that there is no significant difference in the disease profiles obtained in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens challenged with the NAD-independent isolate, thus providing further evidence of evasion of the productivity immunity by the NAD-independent isolates. The ability of the NAD-independent isolates to evade the immune system suggests that a different vaccination strategy, or alternative control methods may be needed for the control of IC caused by these isolates.

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Ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance: drug resistance and the need for alternative control methods

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ◽

10.1111/jphp.12368 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 351-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Carol M. McNair

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Control Methods ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Veterinary Importance ◽

Alternative Control Methods

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Prevalence, effects and alternative control methods of Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants: A review

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ◽

10.5897/jvmah2020.0868 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 84-97

Author(s):

KUISEU Julienne ◽

T. A. ZINSOU Fréjus ◽

Abiodoun OLOUNLADE Pascal ◽

G. ALOWANOU Géorcelin ◽

D. ADENILE Adam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Control Methods ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Alternative Control Methods

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Anoxic treatment of a moth-infested saddle

Nordisk Museologi ◽

10.5617/nm.3569 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Jan-Erik Bergh ◽

Ann Hallström

Keyword(s):

Control Strategy ◽

Control Methods ◽

Practical Application ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Chemical Substances ◽

Oxygen Treatment ◽

Pest Insects ◽

Museum Objects ◽

Alternative Control Methods

Pest insects pose a continuous and serious threat to museum objects that are organic in origin. Traditionally various chemical substances have been used for insect control, but in recent decades there has been increased concern about the disadvantages of this type of control strategy (Dawson 1988). Among the alternative control methods developed for museum use in recent decades, low oxygen treatment (Gilberg 1991) is of special interest. Using nitrogen or argon to replace oxygen, produces no residues and allows a conditioning of the gas regarding temperature and relative humidity. The first practical application of this method took place at Skokloster Castle in Central Sweden.

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