Abstract
Background: The biting midge, Forcipomyia taiwana, is one of the most annoying blood-sucking pests in Taiwan. Current chemical control only targets the adult, not the immature stages (egg to pupa) of F. taiwana. Discovering new or alternative tactics to enhance or replace existing methods are urgently needed to improve the effectiveness of F. taiwana control. The egg is the least understood life stage in this pest species but may offer a novel point of control as addition of NaCl to the egg environment inhibits development. Thus, the objective of this study was to use RNA profiling to better understand the developmental differences of wild-type melanized and NaCl-induced un-melanized and infertile F. taiwana eggs. Results: After de novo assembly with Trinity, 112,959 non-redundant transcripts (Ft-nr) with an N50 of 1,044 were obtained. Of these, 28,455 (24.8%) transcripts were predicted to have long open reading frames (ORFs, defined here as ≥300 nt) and 17,791 (15.8%) transcripts have at least one predicted functional domain. A comparison between the melanized (control) and un-melanized eggs revealed 15,996 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 56.2% of the transcripts with long ORFs) with ≥2-fold difference. Of these, 8,865 were annotated to a Gene Ontology biological process and along with gene expression patterns can be separated into 5 clusters. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that 6,888 transcripts could be assigned to 102 significantly enriched pathways in 3 main categories (metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing). As expected, most (78.24%) of these DEGs were down-regulated in un-melanized eggs. Surprisingly, the majority of genes associated with the pigmentation GO term were up-regulated in the pink egg samples; however, two key terminal genes, laccase2 and DCE/Yellow, were significantly down-regulated, and further verified by qPCR. Conclusion: We have assembled and annotated the first egg transcriptome for F. taiwana, a biting midge. We found that down-regulation of laccase2 and DCE/Yellow genes might be the mechanism responsible for the NaCl-induced inhibition of melanization of F. taiwana eggs.